1. Bawean Island
Bawean Islands is located on the north of Java, 150 km from Gresik Port. The best spot for snorkeling is Noko Island which has magnificent coral reef and underwater life. To snorkel in Bawean you should bring your own goggle and flipper.

2. Papuma and Nusa Barong
Located in Jember on the southern sea of Java. There are spots nearby Papuma bay, and also in Nusa Barong. For this you can rent boat from local fishermen. Snorkeling on the southern sea considered as tough as the waves are known huge.

3. Srau
Srau is located in Pacitan East Java, Indonesia. This beach can be reached from Yogyakarta or Surabaya. Nearby the beach you can find snorkeling spot.

4. Baluran National Park
This national park is located on the eastern tip of East Java, that it is accessible from Bali. Nearby Bama beach is an interesting place to snorkel. You might need to rent boat and the National Park provide boat rent and snorkeling
equipment.

5. Kangean Islands
This island is located on the east of Madura Island.Ferryto this island is on schedule and not daily via Kalianget Port in Sumenep, Madura or Perak harbor in Surabaya This island has one of the best coral reef in Indonesia.

Trulek Jawa bird or Javan Lapwing or Sunda Plover (Vanellus macropterus) is a rare bird and endemic only in Java island from Charadriidae and in 1994 was reported as extinct animal by IUCN, but since 2000 this status was revised as critically endangered. Evenso, until today, the bird existence is still mystery. There is no data about the number or this bird in the wildlife. The critically endangered status by IUCN is just an assumption based on records made in 1940. Various investigation and research done could not get proof about this rare bird existence. .

This bird was last seen in 1940on Citarum River Delta. Probably because IUCN has not surveyed all habitats, and still there are reports from locals, that IUCN could not give extinct status.

The characteristics of this bird are: 28 cm, brownish grey feather and black head. The back and chest are greyish, black ab, and white bottom. The flying wings are black, white tail with wide black line of sub-terminal. Iris is brown, black beak and green yellowish legs or orange. One typical about this bird is that it has Yellowish white on its beak.

This birds live with spouse on open savanna along north coast of West Java and southern coast of East Java. The diet is water insect, snail, larva of insects and seeds water plants. The habitat is nearby water such as nearby river, river estuary, and swamp yet they do not like water. They can be seen on dry place nearby wet area such as branches, rocks and grass. The habitats are:
Sawangan Forest, Petungkriyono, Pekalongan (Jawa Tengah); seen on 2001 by Team of Forestry Community of Pekalongan.
Ungaran Forest (Jawa Tengah).
Merubetiri, Jember (Jawa Timur).
Lumajang (Jawa Timur) and Plirik and considered as sacred as the motive on the wing like keris, locals call this bird as Plirik
Halimun Mountain (Jawa Barat).

Classification: Kingdom : Animalia; Filum: Chordata; Kelas: Aves; Ordo:Charadriiformes; Famili: Charadriidae. Species: Vanellus macropterus.

Ghijsels was born in East Java, 8 September 1882. He was sent to Holland to study from elementary school until  university. After finishing his elementary and hi school, he went to Polytechnic Delft in 1903. In that period architecture was part of Civil Engineering. And since 1905 architecture was separated from Civil Engineering. Study period was lengthen from 4 to 5 years. Polytechnic then change to Delf Technical High School. In 1905 Ghijzels finished his first years with his class mated that later became prominent architecture in East Indies such as Pont, Thomas Karsten and others. In 1909 Ghijzels was graduated as an architect. In 1909 he worked in Gerrit van Arkel in Amsterdam. In October 1909 he applied as an architect in Gemeente Batavia. He worked officially as Gemeente Batavia on 3 November 1910 and lived in Cikini, in the heart of Weltevreden. In 1912, Ghijsels moved to BOW which office was also located in Batavia. He got lotsa experience about development in East Indies in that period. In 1914, he designed a hospital for KPM (Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij – now PELNI) in Jatibaru, south of Weltevreden. This was one of his biggest project.

After resigned form BOW in 1916, he established his own bureau “Algemeen Ingenieurs en Architecten Bureau” (AIA) in Batavia. This bureau is a combinationbetween designing and constructing building, established with two coleagues :  Ir. Hein van Essen and arsitek Stoltz. Since 1916 till 1929, for 13 years he handled various projects in various places. The projects spread to other towns in Indonesia, yet mostly in java especially in big cities such as Batavia, bandung, Yogyakarta, Semarang and Surabaya. The projects variety ranged from designing to constructing and planning city extension. This made AIA became one of most prominent  development bureau in East Indies in that period. In 1929 Ghijsels returned to Holland with his family but he was still involved in AIA in East Indies until 1923. He died in Overveen, Holland in March 2 1947, when he was 64 years old.

Ghijsels motto was Simplicity is the shortest path to beauty. This shows that he was a rational modern architect. He was pioneer of architect generation shifting Indische Empire adhered in the 20th century in East Indies. His works can be divided into two categories.First is between 1920 -1915, when he worked in BOW in Batavia. The second is between 1916-1929, when he established AIA. The first buildnings were single building while the second building were complex building.But both have draft and completely symmetrical.  These show neo renaissance influence which was srtong in the transition from 19th to 20th century. But then the early influence of modern architecture can be seen very strong. The image of his works are tidy, simple and there is no over shape. Useful holes for cross ventilation are visible. Later his works are more close to the situation in big cities of East Indies such as seen on his next works.

Important works of ghijsels between 1916-1929:
1. Bandung city extension (1917)
2. “Nillmij” Office (currently Bank BNI in Yogyakarta), 1921
3. Jakarta Railway Station ( 1927-1931)
4. “Internatio” Building, Surabaya (1927-1931)
5. “Onder de Bogen” Hospital (Currently Panti Rapih – Yogyakarta) in 1929
6. “Des Indes” Hotel main building at Jl. Gajahmada, Jakarta, (1928-1930) in 1972 was destroyed, and many more.

Most of Ghijsels works are big Dutch company offices opened branches in East Indies in that period, such as KPM branch (currently PELNI) in Ujung Pandang, Jambi, Balikpapan etc. Office of Gep Wehru on Ujungpandang, padang, Cirebon and etc. Symmetrical is the characteristic of his works, as the designs were mostly offices, hospital and other formal building. Yet the adaptation to climate, and the function of the building and technology were concerned. AIA led by him became prominent between 1920-1950. It was very rare that a bureau also handled the construction process.

Ghijsels used modern architecture style. In his carrier he did not use traditional architecture. His works between 1910-1915:
1. Telephone Office in Jalan Garuda Surabaya (1913-1914)
2. KPM Hospital (currently PELNI) Jl. AIP II, KS Tubun 92, Petamburan, Jatibaru, Jakarta, in 1914

Rich Chinese ethnic, building their houses in a majestic style, using good quality of material and with beautiful details and ornaments. In Pasuruan you can find nice old building of the Chinese ethnic from the past in Jalan Sukarno-Hatta, an elite area in the colonial period, as it was a primary artery, as part of Anyer-Panarukan route built in the period of Daendels. In jalan Soekarno Hatta there are 8 luxury houses, and popular as gedong wulo (8 buildings). Those buildings were owned by Chinese ethnic who had important role In Pasuruan economy.

One of the building SH 1 was owned by a man with Han as the family name, a trader and a businessman. He was also trusted by the Dutch as Mayor, whose duty was to monitor Chinese activities in China Town. The social status of the owner can be seen from the size of the building and the scale, with majestic main building, plus ancillary buildings as guest house on the left and right side. Guest house was fro traders from outsite the town who had no place to stay while staying in pasuruan. The owner entertained the guests staying in the guest house without charging for any of the facilities or service. This was one of manifestation of humanity from the owner. This tradition was kept until the next owner Thalib’s. Culture and art of Chinese ethnic can be seen from the ornament on the building elements. Craftsmanship works can be seen from statue ornaments, on the roof, rich of decorative ornaments on the gable , carvings, tendril motives on ancillary building balcony railings and bouvenlicht, and on glass as material for door. The belief of the owner can be seen from lion statue and the left and right of the gable as symbol of house guards. Also there is an altar as permanent praying made of red brick put on the middle room. Dragon and hong bird are symbol of harmony and house guard can be seen in several parts of the house, especially on the border between room. According to the cultire and belief, though SH 1 is Empire Isdisch Colonial style building yet the front and rear door were not made symetrically yet the circulation is separated into two areas of dining rooms, by putting altar to pray in the middle. This set is linear to culture and belief of Chinese, symmetric front and the rear door make the fortune of the house owner will be gone easily. The roof is sadle-like roof like that of Hsuan Shan, typical of Chinese architecture roof. The owner was trader, plantation owner , that the building is in big scale as mezzanine to store trading supply and crops.The building is a mix of Chinese, local and western architecture. The second owner add Islam architecture on the building.

SH2 building was also owned by Han family and his business was trading, plantation and transportation. It has Romantic style mixed with style of 1915. The building has decorative element with high art value, and tower is the main interest of the building. Colonial influence can be found in the exterior element while the ornament is a mix of local and western.  Chinese influence can be found from the statues in the garden. Ornaments show round shape of pearl. IN Chinese belief, pearl is symbol of God (Thian). Even sometimes dragon created in front of gate. This means that God is protected by angels embodied in the form of dragon. Transportation business triggered the owner to build gazebo to fill fuel. Plantation and trading business made the owner creating high space with high roof to store goods. To avoid humid, the roof is given dormer element that air circulation and sun can shower the room. Materials used are good wuality, such as the marble were transported from Europe.

HS 3 is one of the most majestic colonial building in pasuruan. This building style is Indisch Empire. The owner was the richest man in Pasuruan, Kweek family.

Pupuh X
These are the officials who often make formal appearance in the hall of Witana, Wredamentri, Panca Wilwatikta : Mahapatih,d emung, kanuruhan, rangga, tumenggung, 5 great officials who are close to palace. All patih, demung of subordinate kingdoms and pengalasan, all officials whose heart are firm and consistent, if came to gather in kepatihan of all kingdoms, 5 main ministers guarding kingdom’s affair. Knights, priest, poet, wirpa, if they make formal appearance they stand under asoka beside witana, and also 2 dharmadyaksa and the seven assistants with arya title, they are skillful, and deserved as an example.

Pupuh XI
That was they who appear in witana hall, where decorated throne located, prohibited to enter the eastern palace, farther from the first door, to the south palace where Singawardana, the queen, and her son and daughters, to southern palace where Kertawardana and the three are like paradise.
All houses have strong pilars, beautifully engraved, made in colorful, the lower parts are made of red brick, with picture of various drawing, roof tile are eye catching-ornamented , lotus flower, kesara, cempaka and other flowers in the garden.

Pupuh XII
The houses along the fortress are tidy, East is the residence of Siwa Hyang Brahmaraja priest, South id Buddha Sangga with Rangkanadi as the leader, West is for Arya, ministers and relatives of king.
On the East is separated by square, stands a miraculous palace, King of Wengker and Queen of Dahha as Indra and Dewi Saci, nearby peace of king of Matahun and Queen of lasem, not far on the south of King of Wilwatikta.
On the north of market, a nice tall house, resides patih Daha, the brother of King of Wengker Bhatara Narapati, he was popular as the kingdom’s backbone, love and obey the king, courageous, skillful and wise. On the north east is the house of Wilwatikta patih, Gajah Mada, courageous minister, wise, devoted to the country, eloquent, skill
ful, calm and firm, smart and honest, the right hand of the great king as the engine of the activator of the country.
On the south of Puri, nice tall building of attorney, on the east is Siwa houses, on the west of Buddha, passd by residence of ministers, arya and knights, different kinds of houses adds to the beauty of pura.
All houses shine bright shiny light, competes with the moon and sun, beautifully invincible, countries in Nisantara, with Daha as the leader, obey and look up, sheltering under Wilwatikta.

Pupuh XIII
Elaborate for islands of subordinate kingdoms, the first Mlayu, Jambi, Palembang, Toba, Darmasraya also joined Kandis, Kahwas, Minangkabau, Siak, Rokan, Kampar, and Pane, kampe, Haru and Mandailing, Tamihang, Perlak and Padang. Lwas with Samudra and Lamuri, Batan, lampung and Barus, those are Malayu countries abide, kingdoms in Pulau Tanjungnegara , Kapuas-Katingan, Sampit, Kota Lingga, Kota Waringin, Sambas, Lawai as well.

Pupuh XIV
Kadandangan, Landa Samadang and Tirem are unforgettable, Sedu, Barune (ng), Kalka, Saludung, Solot and also Pasir, Barito, Sawaku, Tabalung,as well Tanjung Kutei, Malano are the most important in Pulau Tanjungpura.In Hujung Mendini pahang mentioned first are : Langkasuka, Saimwang, Kelantan and Trengganu, Johor, Paka, Muar, Dungun, Tumasik, Kelang and Kedah, Jerai, Kanjapiniran, all are affiliated.
On the east of Java are : Bali with important kingdom: Badahalu and Lo Gajah, Gurun and Sukun, Taliwang, Sapi Island and Dompo, Sang Hyang Api,Bima, Seran, Hutan Kendali as well.
Gurun Island is usually called as Red Lombok (Chilly), with prosperous Sasak area ruled entirely, Bantayan in Bantaran Region with Luwuk city, until Udamakatraya and other islands also abide.
Islands of Makasar, Buton, Banggawi, Kunir, Galian and Salayar, Sumba, Solot, Muar, as well Wanda(n), Ambon or pulau Maluku, Wanin, Seran, Timor and several other islands.

Pupuh VX
These are the names of foreign countries with ties, Siam with Ayudyapura, also Darmanagari, Marutma, Rajapura, and also SInganagari, Campa, kamboja, and Yawana are friends countries.
About Madura Island, is not seen as foreign country, as since long time ago Java has become one and reputedly in Saka Year Ocean Challenge Earth, was when Java and Madura separated though it was not far.
Since Nusantara under the order of the king, every season they pay tax tribute, moved by the desire to add hapiness, poet and officials ordered to draw tribute.

Pupuh XVI
Poets long lived in Nusantara, prohibited to ignore country’s affair, and looking for benefit, they should carry on orders wherever they go should establish Siva religion, and refuse heresy.
Reputedly priests of Sugata adherents, in the trip ordered by the king, was prohibited to step on west part of java as the inhabitants were not Buddha adherents.
On the east of Java, especially Gurun, Bali, may be colonialized without exemption, even according to Mpu Barada and leader if Kutuan priest had made vow.
All priests were ordered to work, sent to east , to west, where they make offering as ordered by king, nice to see when they are teaching.
All countries abide orders, guarded and protected by Sri Nata from Java Islandm but whoever disobedient, disobey, destroyed by the navy chief, who is popular and meritorious.

Pupuh XVII
Established the power of Sri Nata in Java and Nusantara, in Sripalatikta where he resides to move the wheel of the world, his name is spread wide, people are satisfied,happy and relieved, wipra, poet and all rulers also come famous.
It wis great his power and service, the great king of Janggala Kadiri, great king and main king, free from mourn, lived in pleasure, chosed all sweet girls in Jenggala Kediri gathered in palace with who was seized from neighboring countries.
Entire Java is like one city under the king, thousand people visit as number of soldiers surround pura, all islands as villages to store foods, mountain and forest as theme part seems not dangerous.
Every month after rainy season he go itinerant, Sina village located on the south of Jalagiri, east of Pura, is crowded continously along meeting and prasetyan ceremony, enjoy tr
aveling to Wewe Pikatan in the same place with five temples.

Or he goes to worship Hyang Acalapati, usually heading to Blitar, Jimur visiting beautiful mountain, in Daha especially in Polaman, tom Luwu and Lingga to Bangin village, if arriving in Jenggala stop by in Surabaya and then to Buwun.

Aksatisurya year (1275) the king went to Pajang carrying escorts, saka year spider dragon aryama (1276) to lasem passing beach of ocean, in Saka year door mountain hear indu (1279), went to southern sea across forest, relieved enjoying beautiful scenery of Lodaya, Tetu and Sideman.
Saka year one dragon swallow moon (1281) in Badrapada tambah month, Sri Nata went itinerant to the entire country to Lumajang, riding carriage with all Java kings queen and servants, ministers, tanda, priests, poets all officials came as well.

Also who undercovered Prapanca was happy to join escorting the king, he was definitely happy, son of a poet, loved Kakawin, chosen by the king as the official of Buddhism to replace his father, all Buddha priests talked about his past behaviour.
This kawi behavior in his young age when making formal appearance to the king was to take the heart, that he would be asked to follow him anywhere, yet could not enjoy the nature, maintain and explored and changed into kakawin, that was the color along the way is written in consecutively.
In the outset passing Japan with dorm and temples ruk kebah, on the east sugarcane of Pandawa forest, Bebala nearby Kanci, Ratnapangkaja and Kuti Haji Pangkajaya elongated connecting one another, Mandala Panjrak, Pongging and Jingan, Kuwu Hanyar located on along the street side.
After visiting Pancasara tomb temple, stayed overnight in Kapulungan, and later Kawi stayed overnight in Waru, in Hering not far from the beach, following the law became the leader of Saraya dorm, but still on other’s hand, longing, pensive, waiting.

Pupuh XVIII
Sri Nata left Kapulungan with parade of personnel, along street full of carriages, the passengers sat in coincide, carts at the front and back, in the middle of walking soldiers,jostling,jockeying around with elephants and horses. The carts are uncountable, but different characteristics, in groups, as every ministers had different emblem, rakrian the minister patih amangkubumi, had hundreds of carriages, gather with other emblems.
All carriages of Sri Nata Pajang had sun drawing, all carriages of Sri Nata Lasem had shiny white banteng, Sri Nata Daha nehicle had shiny Dahakusuma mas, splendor Sri Nata Jiwana’s carriage attracted attention
Sri Nata Wilwatikta’s carriage is priceless, had drawing of maja fruit, geringsing textile roof, decorated with golden painting, red shiny and beautiful, all personnel, parameswari of king and queen Sri Sudewi, in short women were in red carriages and move on the front most. Sri Nata’scarriage engraved with gold and beautiful stones on the back most, other jempana veiled with velvet, shiny,soldiers escorting compactly from Kediri, panglarang, Sedah, Bhayangkari, in droves riding elephants and horses.
In the morning arrived in Pancuran Mungkur, Sri Nata wasnted to rest, Sang Ranawi , left for Sawungan visiting friend, when sun set depart again when the king and then move eastward head for Watu Kiken, and then stopped in Matanjung.
Quiet village nearby street, very rare trees, different names, Gelanggang, Badung, not far from Barungbung, unforgettable Ermanik, the village abide Yanatraya, satisfied dharmadyaksa tasted various menus and beverages.
Arriving at Kulus, Batang in Gangan Asem, the king’s trip, the day was shady, sun had set, it had been dark until 7 pm, the king gave order to set tent in the middle of sawah, it was ready after meals, and then sharing the places.

Pupuh XIX
In the morning departed to Baya, rested 3 days 3 nights, from Baya passing Katang, Kedung Dawa, rame, toward Lampes Times and monastery in Pogara following soft sandy road toward Tree Banyan in Dadap, carriages were running.
There was a Madakaripura village wit nice scenery, the land is a gift from the king to Gajah Mada, was tidy, there was where the king enjoyed nice decorated villa , while visiting the spring, with friendliness doing devoted bath.

Pupuh XX
Arriving in village, king was entertained with food and drink, various inhabitant of Gapuk, Sada, Wisisaya, Isanabajra, Ganten, Poh, Capahan, Kalampitan, Lambang, Kuran, Pancar, WePeteng, located nearby the monastry came for formal appearance. Also Tinggilis villagem Pabayeman came gather, including Ratnapapangkaja in Carcan, a free tax village, thaose were the kasogatan village led by akuwu, since the past only 8 producing food.

Pupuh XXI
Sun rose, King departed via Lo Pandak, Ranu Kuning, Balerah, Bare-bare, Dawohan Kapayeman, Telpak, Baremi, Sapang and Kasaduran. Carriage moved fast to pawiyungan. Descending lurah, crossing sawah, ran to Jaladipa, Talapika, Padali, Arnon and Panggulan directly to Payaman, Tepasana toward Rembang city. Arriving in Kemirahan located on the sea cast.

Pupuh XXII
In Dampar and patanjungan , the king enjoyed time strolling the beach eastward, following the flat sand, soft pased by carriage. He halted on a bank of lake full of blooming lotus, tunjung. Enjoying swimming shrimp in a calm water showing its bottom. Passing the beauty of the waving lake with ocean. The lake was left, and head to Wedi and Guntur hidden on street bank of Kasogatan Bajraka part of Taladjiwa area since long time ago. Just like Patanjungan, because of war, had not returned to the dorm. The place was passed. Eastward following forest along the coast., stopped inPalumbon, hunting for a while, and then departed after sunset. Crossing Rabutlawang river which was coincidentally lessened. Stopped by at Lurah Balater, towards the shore, and then stayed overnight again.
When sun rises, leaving for Kunir Basini, in Sadeng stayed overnight. Night to another nights, the king enjoyed nature of Sarampuan. After that he had some fun nearby Bacok city, in Heran beach, overlooking rocks doused by gushed waves and buoys like rain. But rakawi did not visit Bacok, he went from Sadeng village northward nearby Balung, and continue toward Tumbu and habet Galagah, Tampaling and rested in renes while waiting for the king to meet him again in the trip to Jayakreta-Wanagriya.

Pupuh XXIII
Passing Doni Bontong, Puruhan, Bacek Pakisaji, Padangan proceed to Secang passed Jati Gumelar, Silabango to the north to Dewa rame and Dukun. And then depart again to pakembangan and stayed overnight there and depart . The king arrived at the end of Lurah Daya Yang and then descended to the ravine. From shore northward along the road is very narrow, very difficult to pass. The moss was slippery for much wain. Many carriages were broken for crash.

Pupuh XXIV
It was pretty smooth the carriage moved from palayangan and bangkong, two villages without story, and then proceed to Sarana and they were tired and wanted to rest. Others go to Surabusa quickly. Hindered by sun set then stopped at savanna. Evening came, exhausted cows released from the pair. The trip turned northward passing Turayan. Together feverishly to reach patukangan.

Pupuh XXV
It was long story about ministers and personnel behavior. Together, the king arrived in Patukangan. On the bank of wide calm flat ocean nestled .on the west was Talakreb. On the north was Pakuwuan, the villa of The king. All ministers, foreign presented in Pakuwuan. Also Pasuguhan attorney, Wangsadiraja. Splendid Upapatti officialalso came, all elite of Panji Siva religion and Panji Budha religion, understood law and comprehending literature.

Pupuh XXVI
Adipati Suradikara led the ceremony and welcomed. Followed by all inhabitants of Patukangan area. Conveying gifts, happy for alternately were given textile. The people were happy, the king was happy, Pakuwuhan was full of joy. The scenery was a house from the end elongated toward the ocean, various shape, the yard were boats, from distance looked like island. The road is a shaking bridge looked like dancing passed by waves. It was built by Arya to welcome king.

Pupuh XXVII
To lessen the heat of the sun, the king approached the queen as god and goddess. Princesses were like apsari went down from heaven. The disappearance of peculiarity, looked at each other with amaze. Various games were help to entertain. Holding things to make people happy. Mask dance, fight match, wrestling, made people amazed. He really turned to be a god, encircling the world.

Pupuh XXVIII
During the visit in patukangan village, all ministers from Bali and Madura, from Balumbung, the trust of ministers from all over east java were gathered.
Gifts were abundant, pig, bull’s cubs, bulls, cows, chickes and dog. Textile accepted was in heap. Audience were amazed, looking at it. The next morning, the king went out in the middle of people escorted by kawi and poet to share things, made people happy.

Pupuh XXIX
Only poet who undercovered, Prapanca was sad. Mourning for the lost of a kawi Buddha panji Kertayasa, a friend in happiness, close friend in religious ceremony. He was invited to go home, was making a masterpiece Kusangka still healthy, able to take me anywhere. He knew places that i should see. Seems the poet wanted to pass down the masterpiece. Yet he passed away, when i arrived, unexpectedly. It was because i joined to depart to Keta Meliwati village Tal Tunggal, Halalang-Panjang, pacaran, and Bungatan to Toya Tngun, Walanding, and proceed to Terapas and the stayed overnight. The next morning depart to Lemah Abanf and reached Keta soon.

Free translation from sejarah-puri-pemecutan.blogspot.com

Kakawin Nagarakretagama or also called as kakawin Desawarnanana can be described as the most famous old javanese kakawin. This kakawin is the most widely studied as well. Kakawin written in 1365, was firstly found in 1894 by J LA Brandes, a Dutch scientist who joined KNIL expedition in Lombok. He saved the books in Lombok king library in Cakranegara before the palace burnt by KNIL soldiers.

This kakawin describes about situation in Majapahit Palace in the period of Hayam Wuruk, the great king of Java and Nusantara. He reigned from1 1350 to 1389, in the glorious day of Majapahit, the biggest kingdom in Nusantara.

Negarakertagama was introduced in English in the 14th century, berween 1960-196, by Pigeaud. Also popularized in English by Zoetmulder, in 1974, as one of old Javanese literatures. And in 1979 for the first time Negarakertagama was read in Bahasa Indonesia and translated by Slamet Mulyana.
Negarakertagama was found in 5 texts.On July 7th 1978 in Antapura, Lombok, Bali (1 test) with Desawanana title, kept in Geria Pidada. In 1874 in Puri Cakranegara, Lombok Island found 1 test with title : Nagara Kretagama. And later, unknown discovery, in Geria Pidada, Klungkung found rontal Nagara Kretagama derivative 1text and in Geria Carik Sideman found 2 texts of Nagara Kretagama derivative. Nagara Kretagama is about relation among king’s family, officials, the governance, custom, temple grave of ancestors. And free-tax villages, the capital situation, and villages along the route of King’s trip in 1359.

Nagara Kretagama is source of old Indonesia history, though majority of the content is influenced by subjective elements to please the ruler in that period. Nagara Kretagama has other name, Desawarnana or description about villages, as written in pupuh 94. This was because King Hayam Wuruk often went down to honor his ancestors and his people.

Nagara Kretagama is a best journalistic piece, while Mpu Prapanca was popular ‘journalist’ in Majapahit. Yet, there are other stuffs ignored until todays such as research about temples and villages in the text. Mpu Prapanca was regarded as the pioneer of Indonesia archaeology and the precursor of historic archaeology. Mpu Prapanca held an inventory and description about various historical heritage in his era. Prapanca had done field survey that benefit science.

According to Budya Pradipta about Nagarakretagama in 2005, Majapahit constituted on 5 groups:
Jawa : Jiwana, Singasari, Wengker, Lasem, Daha, Pajang, Matahun, Paguhan, Wirabhumi, Mataram, Pawwanawwan, and Kebalan.
Digantara (Other areas under King Rajasa Nagara but outside Java): Pahang, Melayu, Gurun, and Bakulapura.
Nusantara (other Islands): Melayu, Tanjung Nagara, Semenanjung Malaya
Desantara is all corners, the sky, other regions, and other countries: Syangka, Ayodyapura, Dharmanagari, marutama, Rajapura, Anghanagari, Campa, Kamboja.
Dwipantara is other archipelago and partner : Yawana, China, Karnataka, and Goda.

Behind this controversy, there is an interesting thing, that Sunda and Madura were not part of Majapahit, while in this text mentions Sumatera, Brunei to papua (in the text was mentioned as Wanin=Onin). The writer admit that Nagarakretagama was the first book he wrore. Previously Prapanca had written Parwasagara, Bhismasaranantya, Sugataparwa and two other books that were not finished yet : Saba Abda and lambang, Yet all those are not found yet, or probably were decayed.

Nagarakretagama means country with sacred tradition (religion). But the writer also mentioned that Desawarnana means’the writing about regions.’ Nagarakretagama was written by Mpu Prapanca in 1365 (1287 Saka) in Makalasana on mountain slope. When he was writing this, he was not entitled as Mpu yet and was still a poet. His father was mpu Nadendra who was Dharmadhyaksa ring Kasogatan, or leader in Buddhism.

Nagarakretagama consists of 98 pupuh, This text was started by a worship to Wilwatikta king, or the king of Majapahit in the period of Hayam Wuruk mentioned as Siwa-Buddha , Rajasanagara. the next 7 pupuh are about king and his family, the next 9 pupuh are about palace and city of Majapahit. From here historian and archaeologist reconstructed Majapahit History. The longest part is about the trip agenda of Hayam Wuruk to Lumajang (23 Pupuh) done in August to September 1359.

10 pupuh tells about brief pedigree of Singasari king and Majapahit (Girindra dynasty). Singasari and Majapahit were 2 kingdoms that could not be separated. The next part is king’s hunting (10 pupuh), Gajah Mada story (23 pupuh) and Sraddha ceremony for king’s mother (9 pupuh). And 7 last pupuh are about Prapanca.

In the outset, this text was found as a single text saved by J LA Brandes, an expert of Java-Dutch Literature, who was involved in attacking King of Lombok Palace in 1894. When this attack was executed, KNIL burnt the palace and Brandes saved the library texts of lontar leaves.One of them was Nagarakretagama. The texts were kept in Leiden University library, Holland.

Nagarakretagama is kept in Leiden and was given a code L or 5.023. And when Queen Juliana went to Indonesia in 1973, this text was given to Indonesia. And this text was then kept in Indonesia National Library and coded as NB 9.

Mpu Prapañca is a poet lived in the 14th century in the period of Majapahit and possible beside as a poet he was a famous mpu. His name is known by Indonesia and this was because he wrote Kakawin Nagarakretagama.
It required 614 years for Majapahit descendants to did not only get any picture about life in the palace, and where usually poet lived in its ivory tower, but also a description about villages. Prapanca got the truth feely, he should separate from Hayam Wuruk group in the trip in 1359, to see other reality, which not every writer in that period brave enough to do that, moreover to write in down.

Nagarakteragama is the only source about Majapahit existence, only could be borne by a brave vision, not only in literature writing but also also political stability. In Slamet Mulyana analysis, though this text is not a worship litarature to Hayam Wuruk Sri Rajasanagara yet Prapanca’s political view was not linear with Gajah nmada, who was the foundation of Tribhuwana Tunggadewi’s governance.

This piece of work is as a sign of his service to Hayam Wuruk though in writting Nagarakretagama Mpu Prapanca did not live in Majapahit palace anymore. Mpu Prapanca did not have position as Dharmadyaksa Kasogatan yet lived in a village of Kamalasana on a slope of mountain as an ascetic. Mpu Prapanca left the palace as he was mocked by the king for his attitude, and made his position lost.

Hayam Wuruk trusted a malign by an official. Yet Mpu Prapanca did not have any revenge to the king and even still adore him. King Lasem who reigned in Lombok, was said the text was escaped from Bali to Lombok. Therefore it is concluded that Mpu Prapanca lived in Bali after leaving Majapahit Palace.

Kamalasana village was where Mpu Prapanca meditated, was the origin name of Karangasem. In the mid of 1978, in Karang asem village, bali was found Desawarnana,a literature of Mpu Prapanca which is now kept in griya pidada Karangasem Bali. Three other texts were found in griya pidada Klungkung, and griya Carik Sideman. The text similar to Nagarakretagama found in Puri Cakranegara Lombok. Desawarnana tells about villages visited by Hayam Wuruk: Saka Abda, Lambang, Parwa Sagara, Bhismasaranantya dan Sagataparwa.

From pupuk 17/8, Mpu Prapanca was the descendant of Dharmadyaksa in the period of Hayam Wuruk, Mpu Prapanca relaced his father who was also a dharmadyaksa from 1358-1361. Since his childhood Prapanca made formal appearance to king that king would let him to follow his trip to create a history in the kingdom in kakawin.

Prapanca was just a pen name.Prapanca derives from Pra and Panca means pre- five : prapanca, pracacab, prapongpong, pracacad, pracongcong : invalid figure of the writer if laughed out loud, his cheeks were swollen, sleepy eyes, his talk is peculiar or funny. Prapanca probably was a pen name and the meaning is ‘confuse’.

His real name was Rangkwi Padelengan Dang Acarya Nadendra, the Dharmadyaksa Kasogatan in Hayam Wuruk period as in Trawulan and Sekar Charter. Prapanca which means sadness usage was because when he wrote it, the writer was in sad as he lost his position as Dharmadyaksa Kasogatan and left Majapahit to live in village. He was afraid to be recognized by people, so he used alias name.

Nagarakretagama was written in 1287 Saka from September to OCtober 1365 and tells about the trip of Hayam Wuruk to Lumajang in 1281 or 1359 where Mpu Prapanca involves as Dharmadyaksa Kasogatan.

NAGARAKRETAGAMA
PUPUH I
Om ! My worship , a humble under the feet of protector of Siva Buddha Janma-Batara who is always drown in meditation Sri Prawatanata, the protector of the poor, kinf of all king in the world of Dewa Batara, more fantasy than fantasies, but visible on the earth surface, prevalent but absorbing all creatures, no-use for Wismana people, Iswara for Yogi, Purusa for Kapila, wealthyman for Jambala, wagindra in knowledge, god of love in love lust, Yama god in disappearing obstacles and guarantees the world.

That was the praise of poet wrote history of king, toward Sri Nata Rajasanagara, Sri nata Milwatikta who is reigning the country, as the incarnation of Dewaa -Batara (gods) he sweeps the mourn of all people, Java people defer to him, even the whole Nusantara.

Saka Year Time Archery Sun 91256) he was born to be narpati, during pregnancy in Kahuripan, had shown nobleness sign, quake, smoldering smoke, ash rain, darting thunder, Mt Kampud rumbled killing wicked men, villains were gone from the country.

That was the sign that Batara Girinata blossomslike the great king, proven, when reigns, the whole Java capturing the commands, wipra, warrior, Vaishya, sudra, four castes were in service, wicked cease to do evil, fear the courage Sri Nata.

Pupuh II
The famous Sri Rajapatni is the grandmother of The King, as the incarnation of Parama Bagawati umbrella the universe, as old wikuni persistent practicing Yoga worshiping Buddha, Saka year dresyi saptaruna (1272) she returned to Budaloka.
When Sri Rajapatni returned to Jinapada, the mourning world was happy again since The King got to the throne, her mother was happy Tribuwana Wijayatunggadewi carrying the throne, as ranu in Jiwana officially represented Sri Narendra-putera.

Pupuh III
He bow in devotion to mother Sri Rajapatni, and adheres Buddha, sprad flower for the lates, father of the king is Sri Kertawardana-raja, both has strong faith for the peace of the country. Father of the king lived in Singasari, as Ratnasambawa adding communal prosperity, persistent, to improve people and country prosperity, skillful to drive priests, wise in every duty.

Pupuh IV
Daughter of the king was beautiful, and ruled in Daha, outstandingly beautiful, bersandar nam guna, is the aunt of the king, sister of queen of Jiwana, Queen of Daha and Queen of Jiwana are like twin goddess.
Husband of queen Sri Wijayarajasa is from Wengker, handsome like the incarnation of Upendra, famous as scholar, tantamount to king of Singasari, faithful in religion, he was so famous in Java.

Pupuh V
Sister of the king of Wilwatikta, are beautiful princess lives in lasem, beautiful princess of Daha, pretty and famous, Indudewi daughter of Wijayarajasa. And the youngest Kertawardana, ruled in Pajang, outstandingly beautiful, daughter of Sri Narpati Jiwana was famous,well known as sister of the king.

Pupuh VI
Has been crowned as king as planned, skillful husband of queen of Lasem is like king of Matahun, entitled as Rajasawardana was handsome, king and queen praised as Asmara with Pinggala. Sri Singawardana , handsome, nice, young, polite, courageous, entitled as paguhan, he is the husband of queen of pajang, the glorious marriage is like Sanatkumara and Dewi Ida, devoted to king,love others, satisfy the people.
Bhre Lasem descend a beautiful princess Nagarawardani, as the queen of Prince Wirabumi, Queen of Pajang descent Bhre Mataram Sri Wikramawardana, as the incarnation of Hyang Kumara, vice principal of Sri Narendra. The youngest daughter of queen of Pajang ruled Pawanuhan, entitled as Surawardani was still young, beautiful like a drawing, kings of Java each has a kingdom, and Wilwatikta was the place they serve together to Sri Nata.

Pupuh VII
Floating melodious hymn praising the king, he killed enemies, as sun penetrates mist, gathering countries in his power, rejoice peole like lotus flower, eliminating wicked as kumuda, from all villages in kingdom’s area, tax flowing like water.
King erases mourn of the murba as Satamanyu falling to the earth, punishing wicked as Dewa Yana, gathering wealth as Waruna, spies enter to all places like Hyang Batara Bayu, guarding Pura as Dewi pertiwi, the look is beautiful like moon.
As Hyang Kama appears, interested in the beauty of Pura, all princess and wives, yet The Queen from Wijayarajasa descendant is still the most beautiful one, the most dainty like susuma, that she is worthy to be with the king.
She has a royal princess Kusumawardhani, very gorgeous, very beautiful her eyes are, nice figure, lives in Kabalan, the son in law Sri Wikramawardhana holds law of the country, as god and goddess, they hands meet, nice to look at.

Pupuh VIII
The miraculous of the city : red brick wall, thich and tall, encircles Pura, west entrance is Pura Waktra, faces wide square, belt with trench, brahmastana tree with bodi foot, long lined, tidy in various shapes, that is the waiting room of continuous patrolling guarding paseban.
On the north stands gate with engraved iron door, on the east : stage, the floor is layered with stone, shiny white, on the north, on the south, houses crowd and long, very beautiful, on the south of the street there is a meeting hall where soldiers meet every Caitra.
Great hall Manguntur and Witana hall in the middle, face padang watangan which was wider to 4 directions, the north is paseban for poets and ministers, the east is paseban of priests Siwa Buddha, whose duties are discussing ceremonies in the period of lunar eclipse Palguna for the world safety.
On the east pahoman in cluster of three surround Siva temple, beside is the residence of Wipra Utama, tall and storeyed, faces immolation stage, stands in the western yard, on the north is three levels buddha, the top is engraved, full of flowers when king sacrifices.
Inside, on the south of Manguntur was separated by door, that was the paseban, nice houses flank street westward, between tanjung flower in bloom, farther southwest: stage where cadets roam, and in the middle of the yard stands ,andapa full of chirping birds.
Inside, on the south there is another paseban lengthwise to the second exit door of the Pura, built in stair rise,sectional, each has its own door, all halls have strong structures and strong pillars,the ribs board is perfect, soldiers alternated, alternated to guard door, while chit chatting.

Pupuh IX
This is the attendees: pengalasan, the amount is uncountable, Nyu gading Janggala-Kediri, Panglarang, Rajadewi, Waisangka kapanewon Sinelir, officer Jayengprang Jayagung and representatives of Pareyok Kayu Apu, Gajahan people and many more.
These are the beauty of watangan square : very spacious, ministers and royals, kings assistants in Java, on the front line, high level Bhayangkari on the second line, on the north is palace door, on the south is knights and poets.
On the west, several lengthwise hall to mercudesa, full of workers and assistants of guards officials, further south: there are several rooms,mandapa, and hall for personnel of Sri Narapati in Paguhan, to make formal appearance.
Entering the second door, nestles radiant palace garden, flat and spacious, with beautiful house full of decorated chairs, on the east stands tall high house decorated with kingdom logo, thst was hall to accept guest of Sri Nata in Wilwatikta.

Pararaton Chapter 11
Hyang Wisesa was crowned as king and then a volcano eruption incident in Prangbakat in 1317.Later Gajah Enggon died in 1320 Saka. He became patih for 27 years. Hyang Wekasing Suka promoted Gajah Manhuri became patih. Hyang Wekasing Suka died in Indra Bawana, in 1321, and temple-ized in Tanjung, the official name of the temple was parama Suka pura. Hyang Wisesa became priest in 1322.

Pararaton Chapter 12
Seri ratu batara Isteri was crowned as king. The queen of Lasem died in Kawidyaren, temple-ized in pabangan, the official name of the temple was laksmi Pura. The wueen died in Kahuripan. The queen of Lasem is a fat queen died. King of pandan Salas died, temple-ized in Jinggan, the official name of the temple was Sri Wisnu Pura. Hyang Wisesa quarreled with Wirabumi, they were reluctant to speak to each other, quiet to each other, finally they separate in 1323.

Three years later there was a riot. Both gather people, King of Tumapel and Hyang Prameswara was asked to come. ‘WHo should i follow?’ Then Malang war broke. He was desperate and intended to leave. ‘Lord, do not leave in hurry, i will fight.’ Hyang WIsnu agreed and gathered his men again, led by king of king of Tumapel. in Daha was taken by Hyang WIsesa, taken to boat, chased by Raden Gajah whose crown name was Ratu Angabaya, Narapati. Chased in the boat, killed, his head cut, and taken to Majapahit, temple-ized in Lung, the official name of the temple was Gorisa, in 1328, in that year broke the riot. 4 years later Gajah Manguri died in 1332 Saka.

Gajah Lembaga became patih for 12 years. Later broke volcano eruption in Julung week in 1343 Saka. Gajah Lembana died in 1335 Saka. Tuhan Kanaka became patih for 3 years. Queen of Saha died, Queen of Matahun died, Queen of Mataram died. And further there was long period of food shortage in 1348 Saka. King of Tumapel died in 1349 Saka, and temple-ized in Lokerep, the temple was Asmarasaba. King of Wengker died, and temple-ized in Sumengka.

Pararaton Chapter 13
Tuhan Kanaka died in 16 Saka. For 17 years became patih. Seri Ratu of Lasem died in Jinggan. Lord of Pandan Salas died. Raden Jagulu, Raden Gajah was eliminated as he did mistake: cutting Wirabumi head, in 1355. Queen of Daha became king in 1359 Saka.

Lord Prameswara died, he died in Wisnu Bawana in 1359, and temple-ized in Singajaya. Lord Keling died and temple-ized in Apa apa. Queen Prabu-stri died in 1369 Saka and temple-ized in Singajaya.

Pararaton Chapter 14
Then Lord of Tumapel replaced to be king. Lord of Paguhan eliminated Tidung Galating people, and this was reported yo Majapahit. Then there was a quake in 1372. Lord of Paguhan died in Canggum and temple-ized in Sabyantara. Hyang died , temple-ized in Puri. Lord of Jagaraga died. Queen of Kabalan died, and temple-ized in Pajang. And then a volcano eruption in Kuningan week, in 1373.

Prabu died in 1373, and the official name of the temple was Kerta Wijaya Pura

Pararaton Chapter 15
Lord of Pamotan became king in Pamotan and became king in Keling, Kahuripan and his crown name was Sri Rajasawardana. Sinagara was temple-ized in Sepang in 1375.

Pararaton Chapter 16
For three years, there was no king.

Pararaton Chapter 17
Then Lord of Wengker became king, his crown name was Hyang Purwa Wisesa, in 1378. Then there was a volcano explosion in Landep week, in 1384. Lord of Daha died in 1386. Hyang Purwa Wisesa died and temple-ized in Puri in 1388 and the Lord of jagaraga died.

Pararaton Chapter 18
Lors of Pandan Salas became king of Tumapel and the became king in 1388 Saka. He became king for 2 years, and then left the palace. Children of Sinaraga are : Lord of Kahuripan, Lord of Mataram, Lord of pamotan and the youngest was Kertabumi, was the uncle of the late in kedatuan (palace) in 1400. Then a volcano explosion incident, in Watu week in 1403.

That was the story of kings. Finished in Itcasada in Sela Penek village, in 1535. Finished on Pahing, Saturday, Warigadyan week, date 2, middle of black month, second month. I hope that readers will enjoy, any lack or redundancy, or hard to enjoy, there are many damage, this is a result of bubble over stupidity due to newly study. Long live, hopefully, thus, may be happy,also the writer.

Free translated from sejarah-puri-pemecutan.blogspot.com

Pararaton Chapter 9
Sri Ratu (Queen) in Kahuripan became king in 1250. Sri Ratu of Kahuripan had 3 children : Batara Prabu, alias Seri Hayam Wuruk, Raden Tetep, his nickname when playing hide and seek, Dalang Tritaraju, if he plays wayang and comical action:  Gagak Ketawang, in Siva adherent : Mpu Janeswara and his coronation name was Seri Rajasa Nagara, as king : Seri Baginda Sang Hyang Wekasing Suka. His sister married to Raden larang, known as Baginda di Matahun, did not have children, his youngest sibling was Seri Ratu in Pajang, married to Raden Sumana, alias Baginda in Paguhan, was the cousin of Seri Ratu in Kahuripan. Baginda’s wife was temple-ized in Sajabung, the official name of the temple was Bajra Jina Parimita Pura.

Later is Sadeng incident. Tadah, patih of Mangkubumi was sick, and suddenly could not make official appearance, and he asked the king to resign and it was not granted by Seri Ratu in Kahuripan, Arya Tadah returned home, and called Gajah Mada, and made discussion in the living room, Gajah Mada was asked to be patih in Majapahit, though his position was not Mangkubumi. ‘I will assist in an extraordinary event.’ Gajah Mada said ” I am not capable of being patih now, if you return from Sadeng, i would be patih, if only you would forgive my lack of ability.’ ‘Well, son, i will assist you in difficulties, and in extraordinary matters. ‘

Now Gajah Mada was more confident, to know Arya Tadah readiness. Now he went to Sadeng. Ministers araraman was lied, also patih Mangkubumi was lied, that Kembar had besieged Sadeng. Mangkubumi was angry, gave an order to minister, they are five unit, led by a bekel, each unit consisted of 5 people. Kembar was found in a forest, they stood on falling tree, swinging like riding horse while waving whip to them who asked Kembar to return and did not proceed the trip.

Message to all ministers, especially from patih Mangkubumi, asking Kembar returned, because was informed to besiege Sadeng people in the first place. Whipped in front of people asking them to return, it did not touch them as they shielded among trees, Kembar then said ‘No one is listened by Kembar, even in war no one obey your master.’. Who ordered to ask Kembar to return went, and informed all said by Kembar.

Gajah Mada did not say a word, he felt he was mocked, Sadeng people were besieged. Tuhan Waruju was Dewa Putra from Pamelekahan, if make sound of whip, heard to the sky, Majapahit people were surprised. After Sinuhun came, and defeated Sadeng, Tanca and Sadeng incident happened in 3 years difference, in 1256. After Kembar returned to Sadeng then became bekel araman, Gajah Mada became Angabehi. Jaran Baya, Jalu, Demang Bucang, Gagak Nunge, Jenar and Arya Rahu got promotion, Lembu Peteng became Tumenggung. Gajah Mada became Patih Mangkubumi, did not want to rest, Gajah Mada asid ‘If islands outside Majapahit are conquered, i will rest, later if Gurun, Seran, Tanjung Pura, Haru, Pahang, Dompo, Bali, Sunda, Palembang, Tumasik, i will enjoy rest.’ In that time ministers were all there making official appearance in hall. Kembar mocked Gajah Mada by mentioning his mistakes and lack, and spilling something, Ra Banyak added reproaches. Jabung Trewes, Lembu Peteng laughed. Gajah Mada told this to Kahuripan, the king was angry, anger and humiliation were complied to Arya Tadah. Kembar sin was much, Warak was eliminated, they all died.

Pararaton Chapter 10
Further, after incident of Sundanese in Bubat. The King wanted Sundanese princess. Patih Madu was ordered to pass request to Sundanese, Sundanese did not mind for the marriage. King of Sunda came to Majapahit, but he did not bring her daughter. Sundanese decided to war, this was the agreement, as as patih of Majapahit did mind if the wedding held with official celebration, he wanted the princess became a tribute. Sundanese did not agree. Gajah Mada reported Sundanese gesture. Wengker king said his readiness ‘Do not worry, brother, i will fight in this war.’ Gajah Mada informed Sundanese gestures, then Majapahit people gathered, and besieged Sundanese.’

Sundanese would like to dedicate the princess, but not allowed by royals, they were ready to die in war in Bubat, never give up, will risk their blood. The readiness of Sundanese royal ran the blood of spirited officials in Sunda side : larang Agung, Tuhan Sohan, Tuhan Gempong, Panji Melong, Tobong Barang men, Rangga Cahot, Tuhan Usus, Tuhan Sohan, Pangulu men , Orang Saja, Rangga Kaweni, Siring men, Satrajali, Jagadsaja, all Sundanese yelled mixed with sound of bendhe, the cheer was like thunder.

Prabu Maharaja died first, fell with Tuhan Usus. Seri Baginda Parameswara went to Bubat, he did not know that Sundanese who were still alive, royals, the leaders then attacked, Majapahit was destroyed. While who fight and resistance were Arya Sentong, Patih Gowi, Patih Marga Lewih, Patih Teteg, Jaran Baya. All araman ministers fought by horse, Sundanese was recessive and then attack southward and westward towards Gajah Mada, each Sundanese arrived in front of the carriage died, blood was like sea, bodies were like mountain, Sundaneses were distructed, no one left, in 1279.

Sundanese incident coincided with Dompo incident. Now Gajah Mada enjoyed rest, eleven years became Mangkubumi. As the Sundanese princess died, then Batara Prabu married to daughter of Prameswara: Sori, from that marriage born a daughter Seri Ratu in Lasem, Sang Ayu from his marriage with other wife, born the king of Wirabhumi, who was adopted by queen in Daha.

Queen in Pajang had 3 children : Hyang Wisesa, his knight name was Raden Gagak Sali, his name was King Aji Wikrama, married to queen in lasen : Sang Ayu, and had a son: Wekasing Suka, and the second child was a daughter Seri ratu in lasem Sang Alemu, married to king of Wirabumi, and the third child was also a woman, became queen in Kahuripan. There was other child of king of Tumapel, his knight name was Raden Sotor, became hino in Kahuripan and then moved to be hino in Daha, and later Hino in Majapahit, and has a son : raden Sumirat, married to queen in Kahuripan and became king known as king in Pandan Salas. And then there was ancestor ceremony called as Srada Agung in 1284.

Gajah Mada died in 1290, for 3 years there was none replaced him as patih. Gajah Enggon became patih in 1293. The queen of Daha died and then temple-ized in Adilangu, the official name of the temple was Gunung Purwawisesa. Queen of Kahuripan died, and temple-ized in panggih, the official name of the temple was Gunung Pantarapura.

Later a new mountain inciden happened in 1208. Then volcano eruption on Madiasa week, 1307. king of Tumapel died in Suniyalaya in 108, and temple-ized in Japan, the official name of the temple was Sarwa Jaya Pura.

Hyang Wisesa had children:
1. King of Tumapel
2. A woman: Seri Ratu Prabu-stri, and later  having coronation name Dewi Suhita.
3. The youngest boy was king of Tumapel or Sri Kerta Rajasa in Pandan salas had children :

-King of Koripan alias Hyang Prameswara, his coronation name was Aji Ratna Pangkaja, married to Seri Ratu Prabu-stri, and did not have children
-A woman, queen in Mataram, married to Hyang Wisesa
-A woman,queen in lasem married to king of tumapel
-another woman, queen in Matahun.

King of Tumapel had a son, became king of Wengker, married to queen in mataun, the second child became king in Paguhan, the third child from the young wife, a daughter: Queen in Jagaraga, married to King Prameswara, did not have child, fifth child was queen of Pajang, married to king of Paguhan,did not have child. King of Keling married to queen in Kembang Jenar. Son of king of wengker, King of Kabalan. King of paguhan had child from wife from ksatria , a daughter; queen of Singapura, married to king of Pandan Salas.

King Prameswara in Pamotan died in 1310, and temple-ized in Manyar, the official name of the temple was Wisnu Bawana Pura. Queen of Matahun passed away and temple-ized in Tigawangi, the official name of the temple was Kusuma Pura. King Sori died. Queen of pajang died and temple-ized in Embul, the official name of the temple was Girindra Pura. King of paguhan died, temple-ized in Lobencal, the official name was Parwa Tiga Pura. King Hyang Wekasing Suka, died in 1311.

Pararaton Chapter 7
Now Raden Wijaya became king in Saka year : Rasa Rupa Two Month or 1216. Later he had a son from Dara Pethak, his knight name is Raden Kalagemet. While two daughters of Batara Siwa Buddha, which were promised to Tatar, both were married by Raden Wijaya, the oldest became queen in Kahuripan and the younger became queen in Daha. The title of Raden Wijaya in that time was Sri Kertarajasa. In his period, he had swollen boils. He died in Antapura, passed away in 1257.

Pararaton Chapter 8

Raden Kalagemet replaced him to be king, his title was Batara Jayanegara. Sri Siwa Buddha was templed in Tumapel, and the official name was Purwa Patapan. The temple was built 17 years difference with Rangga Lawe incident. Rangga Lawe would be patih, but cancelled that he did rebellion in Tuban and held a alliance with his friends. Tuban people from north had been his alliance member, they concerned about Rangga lawe. Men who aggred were: Panji Marajaya, Ra Jaran Waha, Ra Arya Sidi, ra Lintang, Ra Tosan, Ra Galatik, Ra Tati, they were Rangga Lawe friends when he rebelled. The reason why he went to Majapahit, to get a position, Mahapati maligned with Rangga Lawe words ‘Do not talk to much, in Partayadnya book there are place of the cowards.’

After heard that Ranggalawe rebelled, Mahapatih informed that and king Jayanegara was angry, all Rangga Lawe’s friend in the rebellion were died, only Ra Gelatik was alive, as he was asked to turn his heart. Rangga lawe incident happened in Saka yeas : Horse Earth Wing HUman or 1217

Wiraraja excused himself to live in lamajang, which was 3 juru areas wide, as Raden Wijaya had promised to split Java island into two and rewarded south and north Lumajang valley  with 3 juru area, Wiraraja had been enjoyed that, Nambi was still patih, Sora became demung, Tipar became Tumenggung which was lower than Demung in that time.

Wiraraja did not return to Majapahit, he did not want to serve. 3 years after Rangga Lawe incident, broke Sora incident.Sora was maligned by Mahapati, and Sora was eliminated by Kebu Mundarang. in Saka year : 1222. Nambi was also maligned by Mahapati, his war service was ignored, in that time he saw the good perfect time, he excused himself to see Wiraraja who was sick. Sri Jayanegara gave him permission, only he did not lie he went too long. Nambi did not return, and stayed on valley constructing fortress. Wiraraja died. Sri Jayanegara became king for 2 years.

There was a volcano explosion, Mt Lungge in Saka year 1233. Later Juru Demung incident happened, 2 years after Sora incident. Juru Demung died in 125. Then Gajah Biru incident happened in 1236. Further Mandana incident, Jayanegara went himself to eliminate Mandana men. After that he went eastward to eliminate Nambi.

Nambi was informed if Juru Demung had died, and also guardian patih, Tumenggung Jaran Lejong, all brave ministers were died, died in war. Nambi said ‘Brother Samara, Ki Derpana, Ki Teguh, Uncle Jaran Bangkal, Ki Wirot, Ra Windan, Ra Jangkung, if we consider, the eastern men, are will never lose, moreover they are already damaged, who will be the enemy of western men, is it Jabung Trewes, Lembu Peteng or Ikal Ikalan Bang, would not be discourage, no matter thousand of them in front or at the back, i will face too as in Bubat war.’

After Majapahit people came, nambi went southward, that Ganding was broken, his badge was seized. Nambi was chased. Derpana, Samara, Wirot Made, WIndan, Jangkung started to act, especially Nambi did first assault, as if Majapahit people would be torn-off, no resistance.

Jabung Terewes, Lembu Peteng, Ikal Ikalan Bang attacked Nambi together, Nambi died, also fellows of Nambi who fought all died, rebellion in Rabut Buhayabang was ceased, eastern people tear off the honor umbrella, Lumajang was lost in Saka year Snake Bite Moon or 1238.

Wagal incident and Mandana incident were at the sane time. 2 years difference between Wagal and Lasem incident. Semi was killed, he died under cottonwoods, in Saka year : 1240.

After Ra Kuti incident, there were two groups Darmaputra Raja, they were officials given with award by king, they were 7, they were: Kuti, Ra pangsa, Ra Wedeng, Ra Yuyu, Ra Tanca, Ra Banyak. Ra Kuti and Ra Semi were killed as they were maligned by Mahapati, finally Mahapati was revealed for committing slander, he was arrested and killed like a pig, his sin would go itself to Bedander. He went at night, no one knew, only Bhayangkara members accompanied him, everyone who was coincidentally in charge when king was not there, they were 15, in that time Gajah Mada became the head of Bhayangkara and coincidentally was in charge, therefore he escorted king when the king was undercover. King stayed in Bedander long enough.

There was an official, asked permission to return home, but was not allowed by Gajah Mada, as officials escorting him was only few, but he insisted and then stabbed by Gajah Mada, he stabbed because ‘He would tell that the king stayed in village leader of Bedander, that Ra Kuti could find him. Five days later Gajah Mada ask permission to return to Majapahit. Arriving in Majapahit, Gajah Mada was asked by Amanca Negara members about the location of king, he answered that king had been taken by Kuti’s fellows. Those people cried, Gajah Mada said ‘Do not cry, you do not want to serve Ra Kuta?’ The man who asked answered ‘What are you talking about? Ra Kuti is not our master.’

Finally Gajah Mada informed them that the king was in Bedander, Gajah Mada then made an agreement with the minister, and they agreed to kill Ra Kuti, and Ra Kuti died murdered. King returned  from Bedander, the village leader was left, and later he became a famous man in that period. After the king home, Gajah Mada was not not the leader of Bhayangkara anymore, for 2 months he should leave   and had holiday, and he was promoted to be patih in Kahuripan, for two years he became patih. Arya Tilam, patih of Daha died, Gajah Mada replaced him, patih Mangkubumi Arya Tadah agreed, he was the one supporting Gajah Mada to be patih in Daha.

King Jayanegara had two sisters, from different mother, they were not allowed to marry other man, and taken by himself. In that period there were no knights in Majapahit, each time there was a stand out knight was eliminated, in case anyone wants his sisters, therefore knights hid and did not exposed. Tanca’s wife spreaded news that she was not treated well by the king. Tanca was sued by Gajah Mada. Coincidentally king Jayanegara was sick of swollen,a nd could not go out, Tanca was ordered to do surgery using spur, he went to king’s bed, king was cut by Tanca with the spur twice, but the spur did not work, then king asked him to put his amulet nearby bed, cut by Tanca, the spur worked,Tanca kept cutting, until the kind died on bed.

Tanca was killed by Gajah Mada, Tanca died. Nine years different between Kuti incident and Tanca Incident, in Saka year 1250. King was tempelized in Kapopongan, teh official name of the temple was Srenggapura, the statue was in Antawulan. In that time knights show themselves in Majapahit again. raden Cakradara was chosen in a contest to be husband of queen of Kahuripan. Raden Kuda Merta married to Daha queen. Raden Kuda Merta became king in Wengker, Sri paduka Prameswara in Pamotan, his title was Sri Wijayarajasa. The son of Raden Cakradara became king in Tumapel, his title was Sri Kertawardana.

Pararaton Chapter 6
Raden Wijaya was told going to the north, was informed that Batara Siwa Wisnu died, as Daha soldiers came down from the south, the old patih had died, everyone followed batara trace. Soon Raden Wijaya returned, with his people, ran toTumapel, did revenge, did not succeed, even the opposite, was hunted, hunted by Kebo Mundarang, raden Wijaya went up, escaped to Sawah Miring, Kebo Mundara intended to stab him with spear, Raden Wijaya kicked soil in tenggala, he stepped back while saying ‘Oh you really are a god’. Now Raden Wijaya shared red loinclothes to his men, each got one piece, he decided to run riot.

Who got the share were Sora, Rangga Lawe, Pedang, Dangdi and Gajah Sora, right away attacked, many Daha people died. Sora said ‘Now, lord, shall attack, it is the good opportunity and time’. Raden Wijaya quickly attacked, more Daha people died, the set back, in the night, finally entrenched. When it was quiet and people had slept, hunted and battered by Raden Wijaya, now Daha people were dismissed, many were stabbed by spears of their own friends, Daha people were in trouble ran. Batara Siwa Buda had two daughters, they were about to marry to Raden Wijaya, this was the intention of Batara Siwa Buda, both were thralled by Daha, the younger princess was separated to the old princess, were not in same direction when they escaped, due to confusion of Daha people, caused by Raden Wijaya’s rampage.

At night, seen camp fire of Daha was burning and by Raden Wijaya,  quickly known, that it was the older princess. Soon Raden Wijaya took her and said ‘Sora, lets rampage again to meet the young princess.’ Sora said ‘ Dont, Sir. Havent you found your sister already, how many is your crew now?’ Raden Wijaya answered ‘ Exactly.’ Sora said again ‘ Better you set back, as if you force to rampage, if it works is good, if your younger sister found, if not, we will be like termite touch light.’ Now they set back, they carry the princess, the whole night they walk northward, the next day were chased by Daha people, and got them an the south of Lake Pager. They alternately stand at the back, to fight, to stop Daha people.

Gajah Pagon was stucked by a spear on his thigh, but he could walk still. Raden Wijaya asked ‘Gajah pagon,can you still walk? if not, let us all together rampage.’. ‘I can walk, Sir, only slowly.’ Daha people did not after them seriously, and they returned to Talaga Pager. Raden Wijaya went and out of bush like forest chicken, and his crews accompanied him, alternately carry the princess.

Finally his crews discussed, talking about Raden Wijaya situation. After the discussion finished, all of his men said ‘Lord, my bow from all of us, who will you who in and out of bush like forest chicken, in our opinion, you had better go to East Madura, to get sanctuary to Wiraraja that he would help you, it is impossible that he did not give you protection, as he became great man for the favor of your father.’

Raden said ‘It is good if he would help me, if not i will feel embarrassed.’ Sora, Rangga Lawe and Nambi spoke together ‘How can Wiraraja turn his face from you.’. That was why Raden Wijaya followed his men. They got out of the forest, arrived in pandakan, and leave for the oldest man in pandakan, Macankuping. Raden Wijaya asked for young coconut, after given, and drank the water, and when he cut it, the content was rice. He was mesmerized seeing this. People said ‘ It is odd, there is no young coconut with rice inside.’ Gajah pagon could not walk anymore, said Raden Wijaya ‘Pandakan leader, i want to leave a man, Gajah Pagon could not walk, he better stayed with you.’ The Pandakan man said ‘ Oh Sir, that will be no good if Gajah Pagon found here, impossible Pandakan people will agree with your will, let him stay in a hut in forest, in farm where people collect reed, i am in Pandakan will give him food everyday.’ Gajah pagon then left, raden Wijaya went to Datar, at night. Arriving in Datar, he went by boat. Daha soldiers returned home. The young princess was taken, brought to Daha, and dedicated to KIng Jaya Katong. He was glad to be informed that Batara Siva Buda died. Raden Wijaya crossed northward, and deboard on Sungeneg border, stayed overnight in the middle of sawah which was brushed, the dike was thin. Sora then laid down in prone position, Raden Wijaya and the princess sat on him. In the morning continue the journey to Sungeneb, rested in a long gazebo, the men was ordered to look around, if Wiraraja was sitting in a meeting in front of his men. The Men returned, and reported that Wiraraja was in meeting with his men. Raden Wijaya went to the place where Wiraraja was in meeting, Wiraraja was surprised to see Raden, he went down, and entered the house, and the men in the meeting were dismissed. Raden Wijaya said to Sora and Ranggalawe , ‘Nah, what did i say? I am so embarrassed, better i died rampaged the other day.’. He returned to balai panjang (long gazebo) and Wiraraja came to him with all people living in his house, especially his wide, brought beetle leave and pinang. Ranggalawe said ‘Well, Sir, isn’t that Wiraraja coming to meet you.’ Raden Wijaya was happy. The adipati dedicated beetle leaves  to Raden Wijaya. Wiraraja asked Raden Wijaya to come to his house.  The princess rode horse carriage, Wiraraja’s wife  walked, escorting her, and Wiraraja escorting Raden Wijaya. After arriving at the house where Wiraraja sleep, Raden Wijaya stayed in the second room outside, he told about how The Batara died when he was drinking liquor, and how he went rampage to Daha people. Wiraraja said ‘Now, what do you wish?’. Raden WIjaya answered ‘ I ask for your partnership, if only you have some compassion.’. Wiraraja bowed. ‘ Do not worry, only you should act slowly’. Wiraraja then dedicated a taxtile, belt and under textile, brought by his wives, especially his first wife. Raden said ‘ Father Wiraraja, i owed you big time, if i gain my goal, i will split Java, you should enjoy the half and i do the half.’ Wiraraja said ‘It is up to you, as long as you can be a king.’

That was Raden Wijaya’s promise to Wiraraja. Very good hospitality of Wiraraja  toward Raden Wijaya, everyday dedicated foods, no need to mention how he served liquor. Raden Wijaya stayed for quite long in Sungeneb. Arya Wiraraja said ‘My Lord, i have strategy, you shall go to king Jaya Katong  to serve him and apologize with obedience words, if king Jaya Katong did not mind, right away you move to stay in Daha, if you are well trusted, ask for Terik forest to King Jaya Katong, and build a village there, your men from Madura will cut the forest to be village, place where your Madura men can  make appearance for you closer. The purpose you serve in order to see Jaya Katong’s men, who are loyal, brave, smart, especially you should find out the character of Kebo Mundarang. After all that could be measured, shall you excuse to move to Terik forest which has been changed to be village by the Madura men, and other necessity,and if there are men from Tumapel want to serve you again, you shall accept, even men from Daha, if they look for your protection, you shall protect, if all that finished, then Daha soldiers are under your control. Now i am sending a letter to king Jaya Katong.’

The messenger crossed southward, came before king Jaya Katong, and dedicated the letter. ‘My Lord,   i would like to inform you, that your grandson asked for mercy, wanted to obey you, kindly consider,  you can decide to grant or not his will.’ King Jaya Katong said ‘Why would we not be happy if Arsa Wijaya will serveus?’ :Later he asked the messenger to comply his words.

After the messenger came then gave the order. The letter was read in front of raden WIjaya and Wiraraja. Wiraraja was happy. Soon Raden Wijaya returned to Java, escorted by his men, and accompanied by Madurese, and Wiraraja accompanied back to Terung. After arriving in Daha, he calmly meet Jaya Katong, and was loved.

When he came to Daha, it was coincidence with Galungan, his men were asked by king to take part in a match, ministers of Daha were surprised as those men were good especially Sora, Rangga Lawe, Nambi, Pedang, and Dangdi, together they went to match arena in Manguntur , Daha. Ministers from Daha now turned to run, among the primary soldiers were : Panglet, Mahisa Rubuh and Patih Kebo Mundarang, three of them could be defeated, they ran less fast than Rangga Lawe and Sora. Overtime king Jaya Katong held stabbing contest. ‘My son Arsa Wijaya, you should participate in stabbling contest, we want to see, our ministers will fight against you.’.  Raden Wijaya answered ‘Yes Lord.’ Then they did the stabbing match, sounds noises, the audience was full, no more spase, king Jaya Katong people were often forced to flee.

King Jaya Katong said ‘Ask Arsa Wijaya, do not participate, who dares to face the master.’ Raden Wijaya quit, and now the stabbing match was balance, they ran after each other, later Sora moved toward Kebo Mundarang, Rangga Lawe toward Panglet and Nambi toward Mahisa Rubuh, finally Daha’s ministers forced to flee facing Raden Wijaya’s men, no one gave revenge, and then dismissed.

Now Raden Wijaya had seen, that Daha’s ministers could be defeated by his men. Then he sent letter to Wiraraja, and Wiraraja sent message, that Raden Wijaya asked for Tarik forest. King Jaya Katong granted that. This was the history of village in Terik village. When the village building was on process, there was someone in hunger as he cut the forest, he ate maja fruit, it was bitter, he threw all maja fruit he picked, popular as maja fruit with bitter (pahit) taste, the place then was called as Majapahit. Raden Wijaya had calculated Daha’s situation. Majapahit was then a village. Wiraraja’s men were making contact with Daha, rested in Majapahit. WIraraja sent message to Raden Wijaya, how to excuse himself from king Jaya Katong. After Raden Wijaya asked for permission to move to Majapahit, king Jaya Katong granted, careless for his love and for Raden Wijaya’s skill serving him, as it was very genuine. After Raden Wijaya moved to Majapahit, then he informed Wiraraja, that Daha’s ministers had been controled by him and his men.

Raden Wijaya suggested Wiraraja to attack Daha, Wiraraja held, said to his messenger ‘Do not be in a ruch, there is another strategy, messenger, say to your lord that i have relationship with Tatar king, he would be offered with a royal princess, now you return to Majapahit now. As you leave i will send letter to Tatar. I have boat, i will order it to go to Tatar, to persuade them to attack Daha. If king Daha has lost, then the whole Java is invincible, that can be owned by king Tatar, this is my trick. You shall inform the prince that the king could join to defeat Daha.’ The messenger returned to Majapahit, Raden Wijaya was glad to be informed with Wiraraja’s message.

After the messenger returned, Wiraraja sent messenger to Tatar. Wiraraja moved to Majapahit with everyone in his house and brought soldiers from Madura, they are good Madurese men brought with the weapons.

After the messenger from Tatar arrived, then attacked Daha. Tatar soldiers came from the north, Madura and Majapahit soldiers came from the east, king Jaya Katong was confused, did not know which direction should be guarded. When attacked massively from north by tatar soldiers, Kebo Mundarang, Panglet and Mahisa Rubuh guarded the east. Panglet was killed by Sora, Kebo Rubuh was killed by Nambi, Kebo Mundarang met Rangga Lawe, Kebo Mundarang forced to flee and caught at Trinipati valley, and finally killed by Rangga Lawe. Kebo Mundarang instructed Rangga Lawe ‘Hey Rangga Lawe, i have a daughter, she should be taken by KI Sora for her braveness. ‘

King Jaya Katong fought to the north, carrying shield, attacked by Tatar people, finally caught and imprisoned by Tatar. Raden Wijaya then entered Daha palace, to flee the young princess, and brought her to Majapahit. Arriving in Majapahit, Tatar came to ask for royal princess, as Wiraraja had agree, if Daha lost, would give two royal princess from Tumapel, both of them. The ministers were disoriented to find other agreement, Sora said ‘Nah, i would rampage if Tatar people come here.’ Wiraraja answered ‘ Acrually Sorra, i have another trick.’ Then they seek for other agreement that was discussed by ministers. Sora agreed. ‘It was nothing to rampage Tatar people.’. In the afternoon, when the sun set to the west, Tatar people came for royal princesses. Wiraraja answered ‘Hey all Tatar, do not be in hurry, the princess are still sad, as worrying seeing soldiers when Tumapel lost, moreover when Daha lost, was afraid seeing sharp weapons. Tomorrow morning they will be handed down to you, places in box, carried and decorated with textile, and carried to your boat, they are placed in box as the do not want to see sharp weapons, and Tatar men who accept the royal princesses  should be ugly Tatar men, but handsome tatar may not bring friends, as that was the words of the royal princesses, if they see sharp things, though they arrive on boat, they will jump the the water, isn’t it going to be useless, that you risk your life if the princesses jump to the water.’ Tatar men trusted, manupulated. One of Tatar said ‘You are very true.’

When the time had come to give up the royal princesses, tatar men came to ask for the royal princesses, no one brough sharp weapons. After they entered Bhayangkara door, Tatar people were closed by door, locked from outside and from inside. Sora had slipped  keris in his thigh. Suddenly Tatar people were rampage by Sora, all killed. Rangga Lawe rampaged them who were outside balai, run after wherever they ran, to Canggu estuary, chased and killed. .

ABout 10 days later, they went for war, came from Malay, got two princesses, one was married by Raden Wijaya, her name was Dara Pethak, while the older was Dara Jingga, married to someone named Dewa, gave birth to a son, became king in Malay, his name was Tuhan Janaka, his title was Sri Warmadewa or King Mantrolot. The Malay and Tumapel incidents were in coincidence to Saka year : Pendeta Songo Samadhi ( Nine priests meditate) or 1197. King Katong went to throne in Daha in Saka year : Ulo Muka Dara Tunggal (Snake Face Pigeon One)  or 1198. AFter king Katong came to Junggaluh he wrote kidung Wukir Polaman, after creating it he died.