The concrete monument has been standing there years ago, on Pekasiran village, in the range of Dieng mountains of Batur district , Banjarnegara. The height of the monument is around 10 meters, marks the tragedy and the mystery of Legentang hamlet buried with its entire people for Pengamunamun mountain erosion in 1958. On the inscription depicted on the crossroad of Kepakisa village toward Kawah Sileri mentions that the total casualties were 450. Far more in amount than the victims of Sinila poisonous gas in 1979, which killed 149 people which took International attention.

One of witnesses of Legentang tragedy, Suhuri lived in Pekasiran village and now he is more than 70 years old, said that this disaster struck at 23.00 in rainy season. He and his friends slept at mosque and he heard about the incident of erosion on 3 am. He had relatives on the village, but he could not go there as Mt Pengamunamun slop kept eroding. The village was gone with all the people, and it is still a mystery until today, as Suhuri and several Pekasiran village people who are as old as him said that between the foot of Pengamunamun and the border of the village was not buried by the erosion, while the distance was only several hundreds meters. The valley, and river between Pemgamunamun mountain and Legentang are still there. The erosion was like flying from the mountain slope and fell to the settlement. It was strange. The village which was in the middle of low land was became like a new hill. The witness said. Further he said that the erosion phenomenon had been known 70 days before the disaster day. The grass-seeker, the wood-seeker saw deep long crack there. But this did not make them aware, though it became topics in Legentang. People just connected this after the disaster.

After the disaster, none of the house could be seen, there was no life anymore, the inhabitants were let buried there in their houses as it was difficult to evacuate them. The evacuation was only focused on the village leader house, Rana. Rana’s wife was alive as she was the only one going out before the erosion. Overtime, the disaster location was used to plant vegetables.

In the past, Legentang farmers were rich. And even if other village’s farmers did not have good crops, they had abundant crops. The crops quality was more than others. They had fun with Lengger dance entertainment, gambling, drunk and adultery.

Pararaton Chapter 3

Apanji Tohjaya became king of Tumapel. Sang Anusapati had a son, Ranggawuni, he is nephew of Apanji Tohjaya. Mahisa Wonga Teleng, brother of Apanji Tohjaya, same father and different mother, has a son Mahisa Campaka, he was also Apanjo Tohjaya’s nephew.

When Apanji Tohjaya was on throne, witnessed by many people, in front of ministers, especially Pranajaya, Ranggawuni and Kebo Bampak were making formal appearance. Apanji Tohjaya said ; Hi, all ministers, especially Pranajaya, look at these nephews of mine, amazingly nice, handsome and nice body. How do my enemies from outside Tumapel look like, if compared to both, how are they, hey Pranaraja.’

Pranajaya answered while paying homage ‘True, my lord, as your words, they are handsome, both are brave, only my lord, they can be likened as boil in the center of stomach, will cause death in the end.’. The batara silences, Pranaraja words were felt deeper, Apanji Tohjaya then became angry, then called lembu Ampal, ordered to eliminate both nobles. Apanji Tohjaya said to Lembu Ampal ‘If you could not eliminate both knights, i will eliminate you’.

When Apanji Tohjaya gave order to Lembu AMpel to eliminate both nobles, there was a brahmana doing religious ceremony as palace priest for Apanji Tohjaya. Dang Hyang heard, that both nobles would be eliminated.  The brahmana had a pitiful feeling for both, then he told ‘Lembu AMpal was given an order to eliminate you both, if you could escape from Lembu Ampal, Lembu Ampal will be eliminated by Sri Maharaja.’ Both nobles said ‘Hey Dang Hyang, are not we innocent.’ The Brahmana said ‘It is better if you hide first’.

As they considered if the brahmana lied, then both noblemen went to Apanji Tohjaya. They said ‘Panji Patipati, we are hiding in your house, we thought, that we would be eliminated by batara, if it happens we are eliminated, we are innocent’. After Apanji patipati listened to them. ‘Gentlemen, it is true that you will be eliminated, Lembu Ampal had the assignment’ Both were hidden beter, was looked for, both could not be found. Listened well, where they went, could not be heard. Then Lembu Ampal was accused to have conspiration with both noblemen by batara. Now Lembu Ampal was the target of elimination, he ran, hid in the house of  Apanji Patipati neighbor

Lembu Ampal heard, that both noblement were in the house of Apanji Patipati. Lembu Ampal went to both noblemen, Lembu Ampal said to both noblemen ‘ I am under your protection, my sin was asked to eliminate you by batara. Now i asked to be sworn, if you do not believe, that i will serve you happily’.

After sworn, two days later Lembu Ampal, met both noblemen. ‘Hos is it? We are keep hiding, i better stab  Rajasa’s men, when they go to river’. In an afternoon, Lembu Ampal stabbed Rajasa’s man, when he screamed, he ran to Sinelir man. Rajasa man said ‘Sinelir man killed Rajasa man, and Sinelir men were fighting, killing eachother badly, separated by palace people, but did not pay attention. Apanji Tohjaya was angry, both groups were sentenced dead.

Lembu Ampal heard that both sides were eliminated, then Lembu Ampal went to Rajasa people. Lembu Ampal said ‘If you will be eliminated, you beter go to both noblemen, as both noblemen were still exist’. Rajasa people agreed ‘Well, take me to meet them, hey Lembu Ampal.’.

Then leader of Rajasa people was brought to meet both noblemen. The Rajasa said ‘My lord, please protect us, Rajasa, whatever you order, we can be sworn, if we are not serious, if we are not honest, how we serve”.  Also with Sinelir people, the leader was called, they agreed as with Rajasa people, later both sides are reconciled and sworn together. ‘This afternoon, you come here, and bring your friends, you rebel  and injure in the palace’. Sinelir and Rajasa people together excuse themselves.

Afternoon, people from both sides brought friends, together they meet both noblemen, they both welcomed them, then attacked the palace. Apanji Tohjaya was shocked, ran separated. After the chaos finsihed, he was searched by his men, carried and escaped to Katanglumbang. People carried him got his underwear off  ‘ Fix your underwear, as your behind is seen’ The cause why he was not long became king was because of the butt. AFter arriving in Lumbangkatang, he died, then a temple was built for him in Katanglumbang , he died in 1172 Saka.

Pararaton Chapter 4
later Ranggawuni became king, he and Mahisa Cempaka were likened as two dragon in one hole. Ranggawuni was coronation as Wisnuwardana, that was his name as king, Mahisa Campaka became Ratu Angabhaya, his coronation name was Batara Narasinga. They were in harmony  together, never separated. Batara Wisnuwardana built fortress in north of Canggu in 1193 Saka. He went to attack Mahibit, to eliminate Sang Lingganing pati.

The reason why Mahibit lost was because infiltration of Mahisa Bungalan. Sri Ranggawuni became king for 14 years, he died in 1194, and a temple was built in Jajagu. Mahisa Campaka died, and temple in Kumeper was built, part if the ash was put in Wudi Kucir temple.

Pararaton Chapter 5
Sri Ranggawuni lest a son, Sri Kertanegara, Mahisa Campaka left a son, raden WIjaya. Kertanegara became king, and his coronation name was Batara Siwabuda. There was his man, descendant of the oldest man in Nangka, name is Banyak Wide, called as Arya Wiraraja, seemed he was not trusted, to be fell, to be ordered to be adipati in Sungeneb, lived on the eastern of Madura.

The patih (prime minister), who was promoted to the kingdom throne, Mpu Raganata, this always gave advices for king’s safety, he was ignored by Sri Kertanegara, because of that Mpu Raganata then resigned as patih, replaces by Kebo Tengah Sang Apanji Aragani. Mpu Raganata then became adiyaksa in Tumapel. When Sri Kertanegara ruled, eliminated a wanderer, named Baya. After the wanderer died, he gave an order to his people, to attack Malaya.

Apanji Aragani dropped, until Tuban he returned, arriving in Timapel, Sang Apanji Aragani present foods everyday, King Kertanegara had fun. There was a conflict with Jaya Katong, king of Daha, this man became the enemy of Kertanegara, as he was careless about enemy’s effort who was looking for an opportunity and perfect time, he did not think about the mistakes. Banyak WIde was 40 years old when Malaya attack happened, he mad friendship with Jaya Katong, Banyak Wide whose title was Arya Wiraraja was from Madura, made a relations and sending representatives.

The letter was ‘My Lord, your patih pay homage to the king, if the king intended to hunt on the old field, shall you hunt now, accuracy and opportunuty are very good, no danger, no tigers, no bantengs, and the snames, the spikes, there are tigers, but no teeth. ‘ Old patih Raganata was called as tiger without teethes  as he was old.

Now king Jaya Katong went to attack Tumapel. His soldiers came from north of Tumapel consists of bad guys, flags and full of noice, north of Tumapel was destroyed, they who resisted were injured. Daha’s soldiers passed north route stopped in Memeling. Batara Siwa Buda always drank liquor was informed that it was attacked from Daha, he did not believe, always said ‘How can King Jaya Katong did that to us, was not he good to us.’

After injured man was brought, he just believed. Now Raden Wijaya was appointed to battle against troops from north of Tumapel, accompanied by well known arya: Banyak Kapuk, Rangga Lawe, Pedang Sora, Dangdi Gajah pangon, Wiraraja’s son; Nambi, Peteng and Wirot, all good knights, against Daha troop on the north, hunted by Raden Wijaya.

Then went in big soldiers from Daha came from the bank of Aksa river, heading for Lawor, they were now allowed to make noisy, did not bring flag, moreover instrument, arriving in Sidabawana right away head to Singasari. The main soldiers from south Daha were: patih Daha Kebo Mundarang, Pudot, Bowong. When batara siwa buda was drinking liquor with patih, he was defeated, everyone died, Kebo Tengah took revenge, died in Manguntur.

After Tunggul Ametung was home from mingling with his wife, Ken Angrok told Dang Hyang Lohgawe, he said ‘Father Dang Hyang, there was a woman whose secret is shining, what kind of sign that kind of woman is, is it a good or bad sign?’. Dang Hyang answered ‘Who is that, Son?’ Ken Angrok said ‘Father, there is a woman, i saw her secret coincidentally’. Dang Hyang said ‘ If there is a woman like that, Son, that waman is Nawiswari, she is an ultimatum woman, Son, it is sinful to marry that woman, will be a maharaja’ . Ken Angrok silenced and said ‘Father Dang Hyang, the woman who has  shining secret is the wife of akuwu in Tumapel, if i shall kill akuwu and took his wife, he would die, that if you agree’.

Answered Dang Hyang ‘ Yes, sure, Son, Tunggul Ametung would die, only it is not proper to give you permission, that was not the deed of a priest, the limit is your will.’. Ken Angrok said ‘If so, Father, may you excuse me.’. The Brahman answered ‘Where are you going Son?’ Ken ANgrok answered ‘I am going to karuman, there is a gambbler who said having son named bango Samparan, he loves me, i will ask for his consideration, maybe he would agree’. Dang Hyang said ‘Alright then, do not be too long staying in Karuman.’ Ken Angrok left Tumapel, arriving in Karuman, he met Bango Samparan ‘Where did you come out from, long time did not come to me, just like a dream meeting you after long time you left’. Ken Angrok answered ‘I was in Tumapel, Fathte, i serve the akuwu. This is why i come to you, the akuwu’s wife, got of from carriage, her secret was seen, it was shiny seen by me. There was a Brahman from Java, Dang Hyang Lohgawe, he admitted me as his son, i asked him ‘What is the name for woman who has shiny secret.; and the brahman said it was ardana reswari woman, thois is a good sign, as whoever could take her as wife will be king’. Father Bango, i want to be a king, I will kill Tunggul Ametung, i will take his wife, that i can be a king, i ask permission to father Dang Hyang, Dang Hyang said’ Angrok, my son, a Brahman could not give permission for someone to take someone  else’s wife, the limit is your will.’ So i came to see Father Bango, to ask for your permission, i will kill akuwu secretly, sure akuwu will be dead by me’. Bango Samparan answered ‘Well, if so, i give you permission, that you stab Tunggul Ametung with keris and take his wife, but my son Angrok, akuwu is powerful, maybe he can not be injured, if you stab him with less powerful keris. I have a friend, a keris maker in Lulumbang, Mpu Gandring, keris made by him is powerful, no need to stab twice, you shall ask him to make keris, if the kris finished you shall kill Tunggul Ametung secretly’

That was Bango Samparan message to Ken Angrok. Ken ANgrok said ‘Let me excuse my self from you Father, will go to Lulumbang’. He left Karuman , then to Lulumbang, met Gandring who was working in his workshop. Ken Angrok came and asked him ‘ Is it you Mpu Gandring, can you make me a kris in 5 months, i have something to do.’ Mpu Gandring said ‘Not 5 months, if you want a good one, about one year it will finish, will be good and the forge is perfect’. Ken Angrok said ‘Well, how you will make it, only, it should finish within 5 months’ . Ken Angrok left Lulumbang, to Tumapel and met Dang Hyang Lohgawe, asked Ken Angrok ‘ Why you took so long in Tumapel?’

After 5 months, he remembered the deal, that he asked for kris to Mpu Gandring. He went to Lulumbang, met Mpu Gandring who was sharpened and cut keris ordered by Ken Angrok. ‘Which is keris i ordered you Mpu Gandring’. Gandring answered ‘The one i am sharpening, son Angrok’. Keris was asked to be seen by Ken Angrok. He said angrily ‘Useless i asked you, is not it unfinished, alas, is this what you made in five months.’ Ken Angrok was getting hot in the heart, and finally he stabbed Gandring with the keris that Gandring made. Then he put on a stone mortar where water put to sharpen   , the mortar was  split into two, put in on a forge base, this also was split into two .  Now Gandring said  ‘Son, Angrok, in the future you will die by that keris, you descendant will die by the keris as well, seven kings will die by that keris’. After Gandring said that, then he died. Ken Angrok looked very sorry as Gandring died, Ken Angrok said ‘If i become a great person, i hope my nobility will be abundant, also for descendant of keris smith in Lulumbang’. Then Ken Angrok went to Tumapel.

There was confidant of  Tunggul Ametung, Kebo Hijo, who was friend of Ken Angrok, they loved each other. In that time, Kebo Hijo saw Ken Angrok insert new keris, wooden handle, and the cangkring was still spiky, was not glued yet, was rough still, Kebo Hijo loved that. He said to Ken Angrok ‘Hey Brother, i borrow the keris’ . Ken Angrok gave the keris and Kebo Hijo had it, as he love wearing it. Overtime Ken Angrok keris worn by Kebo Hijo, noone in Tumapel did not see Kebo Hijo insert new keris on his hip.

Not long after, the keris then stolen by Ken Angrok and could be taken by him. Later, Ken Angrok went to akuwu’s house at night, was good time, was silence, people were sleeping, coincidence with good luck, he went to the bedroom of Tunggul Ametung, nothing obstructed, stabbed Tunggul Ametung by Ken Angrok, to Tunggul Ametung’s heart, died  right away. Keris made by Gandring was left deliberately. Now, in the morning keris stabbed the chest of Tunggul Ametung was examined by people and by people who knew that the keris was Kebo Hijo’s , he wore everyday. All Tumapel people said ‘It is obvious Kebo Hijo who killed Tunggul Ametung secretly, as the evidence is his keris stabbed on akuwu’s chest of the Tumapel akuwu. Now Kebo Hijo was caught by Tunggul Ametung’s family, stabbed by Gandring’s keris, Kebo Hijo died.

Kebo Hijo had a son, Mahisa Randi, was sad as his father died, Ken Angrok was feel pitiful to him, wherever he went he brought the child, as Ken Angrok loved Mahisa Randi much. later god really want Ken Angrok became  the soulmate of Ken Dedes, it had been long time they wanted each other, no one in Tumapel talked about Ken Angrok behavior, also Tunggul Ametung’s family silence, no one was encourage to say word, finally Ken Angrok married to Ken Dedes.

When left by Tunggul AMetung, she was 3 months pregnant, and then with Ken Angrok. Ken Angrok and Ken Dedes loved each other. The marriage had been long enough. After the month is complete, Ken Dedes gave birth to a boy, whose father was Tunggul Ametung, was given name as Sang Anusapati and his long name was Sang Apanji Anengah. After the marriage of Ken Angrok and Ken Dedes for period of time, then Ken Dedes and Ken Angrok had a son, Mahisa Wonga Teleng and Mahisa WOnga Teleng’s brother was Sang Apanji Saprang, and brother of Panji Saprang was Agnibaya, and Agnibaya sister was Dewi Rimbu, Ken Angrok and Ken Dedes had 4 children.

Ken Angrok has a young wife, Ken Umang, she gave burth to a son Panji Tohjaya, panji Tohjaya’s brother was Twan Wregola and Twan’s Wregola’s sister was Dewi Rambi. All children were 9, 7 sons and 2 daughters. East Kawi had been ruled, even the east kawi were afraid of Ken ANgrok, and Ken Angrok showed his will to be a king, Tumapel people were happy, if Ken Angrok became king.

Coincident with a good luck, king of Daha, king Dandhang Gendis, said to his bujangga  under Daha region, he said ‘Hi, Bujangga who adhere Siva and Buddha religion, why you dont pay homage us, are not us solely Batara Guru?’ . Bujangga of all Daha region answered ‘ My Lord, since long time ago, there is no Bujangga pay homage, now it should be you pay homage to us, if you do not know our power, now we will give the proof.’

Now King Dandang Gendis up held spear, the s[ear shaft was stick to the ground, he sat on the spear top, as he said ‘ Well, all bujangga, look at our power’. He looked as he had 4 arms,  eyes, as the manifestation of Batara Guru, all bujangga from Daha region was ordered to pay homage, no one would do, even they resisted and looked for protection to Tumapel, serving Ken Angrok.

That was the history Tumapel did not care about Daha kingdom. Not long after, Ken Angrok was blessed as king of Tumapel, the kingdom was named as Singhasari, his coronation name was Sri Rajasa Batara Sang Amurwabhumi, witnessed by all bujangga adhering Siva and Buddha religion frm Daha, especially Dang Hyang Lohgawe, he was promoted as the palace priest, while they who cared Ken Angrok when he was suffering, all were invited, given protection and given repaid for their service, such as Bango Samparan, do not need to be mentioned about the leader of Turyantapada neighborhood, and children of  smith from Lulumbang, Mpu Gandring, a hundred of lulumbang iron smiths were given privilege in the neighborhood bordered by the trace of pickaxe spade plow.

While Kebo Hijo’s child was given right as Mpu Gandring’s children. The son of Dang Hyang Lohgawe, Wangbang Sadang, was born from mother adhered Wisnu religion, was married to the daughter of father bango, Cucu Puranti, those were the eminency of Sang Amurwabumi. Singasari was very successful, perfect, no obscatcle. It had been long time there was a news that Ken Angrok became king, king Dandang Gendis was informed, that Ken Angrok would attack Daha.

Said King Dandhang Gendis ‘Who will defeat our kingdom, probably will lose, if Batara Guru come down from heaven, maybe we just lose’. Ken Angrok was informed that King Dhandang Gendis said so. Said Sang Amurwabumi ‘O, all bujangga adhering Siva and Buddha, bless us to take coronation with Batara Guru name’. This was initial he took Batara Guru as his coronation name, blessed by bujangga brahman and rsi. Later he went to attack Daha. King Dhandang Gendis heard that Sang Amurwabumi in Tumapel came to attack Daha, Dhandang Gendis said ‘We will lose, as Ken Angrok is protected by god’. Now Tumapel soldiers fight against Daha soldiers, battled on the north of Ganter, meeting bravely, killing each other, Daha soldiers were recessive’. Brother of King Dhandang Gendis was killed as hero, his name was Mahisa Walungan, together with his brave minister, Gubar Baleman.

The cause of the death, because jointly attacked by Tumapel soldiers, who battled as flood from mountain. Now Daha soldier forced to flee, as the core of the power had lost. Therefore Daha soldiers were dismissed, scuttled left enemies like goat, pull out all umbrellas, no one gave resistance anymore. Then King Dhandang Gendis set back from the battle, and escaped to the realm of gods, hanging on heaven, with his horse, horse troop, umbrella holders, betel holder, water jar, mat, all went to heaven. Daha was really had been defeated by Ken Angrok. And sisters of Sang Dhandang Gendis,, they are; Dewi Amisam, Dewi Hasin, Dewi Paja were informed, that king Dhandang Gendis was lost, and heard, he had lived in gods realm, hanging on heaven, so the three princessed were disappeared together from the palace.

After Ken Angrok won against enemy, then went home to Tumapel, Java was ruled by him, he was as king could defeat Daha in 1144 Saka. Overtime there was a news, that Anusapati, the only son of Tunggul Ametung asked his nanny.

‘I am afraid of your father’ Said the nanny. ‘You have better talk to your mother’. As he did not het any information, Anusapati asked his mother ‘ Mother, i ask you, how is it? If father look at me, his look different than if he looks the children of young mother, the look is more different.’ It rally has come the time of Sang Amurwabumi. Ken Dedes answered ‘Seems there has been a distrust feeling, well, if you want to know, your father’s name was Tunggul Ametung, he died, i had been 2 months pregnant, then i was taken by Sang Amurwabhumi’. Said Busapati ‘So, Mother, Sang AMurwabumi is not my father, so how did father die?’ ‘Sang Amurwabumi killed him, son’. Ken Dedes was quiet, seemed she felt she was making mistake telling the truth to his son. Said Nusapati ‘Mother, father has keris made by Mpu Gandring. i ask that, mother’

Ken Dedes gave it. Sang Anusapati excused himself and returned to his place. He had an inferior whose position was pengalasan in Batil, called by Nusapati, asked to kill Ken Angrok, given kris made by Mpu Gandring, to be used to kill Sang Amurwabumi, The Batil man agreed and would be paid by Nusapati. Batil men went to the palace, he met Sang Amurwabumi was eating, stabbed right away by Batil man. He was injured on Kamis Pon, Landhep week, when he was having dinner, in the evening when the sun had set, people had prepared light on the place. After Sang Amurwabumi died, ran batil man, looking for protection to Sang Anusapati, said the Batil man ‘He died, your father by me’. Right away after stabbed by Nusapati, Tumapel people said ‘Ah, Batara was beaten by pengalasan in batil, Sang Amurwabumi died on 1168 Saka, and built temple for him in Kagenengan.

After that, Sang Anusapati replacing to be king, he became king on 1170 Saka. Overtime informed that Raden Tohjaya, Ken Angrok’s son from young wife, that he heard what Anusapati did, who paid the killer of Sang Amurwabumi to Batil man. Sang Apanji Tohjaya was not happy with his father’s death, thinking of the way to revenge, that he could kill Anusapati. Anusapati knew this, that he was planned by Panji Tohjaya, Sang Anusapati was very careful, his bed was surrounded by pool, and the door was guarded by people, regularly.

After long time later Sang Apanji Tohjaya came bringin roosetr to Batara ANusapati. Said Apanji Tohjaya ‘Brother, there is keris made by Gandring, it was asked by you’. Batara Anusapati time had really come. Keris made by Gandring was given by Sang Anusapati and received by Apanji Tohjaya, slipped to his hip, then keris which was used was given to his man, Apanji Tohjaya. ‘Well, Brother, let is prepare this rooster for a match’. Sang adipati answered ‘Alright, Brother.’. Later he asked his man to look after the rooster, said ANusapati ‘Well, brother, let us have cockfighting’. ‘Alright’ Said Apanji Tohjaya.

They put spurs them selves, when balance, Anusapati was enjoying the time. It really had come the time, forgot, as he was enjoying the cockfighting, stabbed him by Apanji Tohjaya. Sang ANusapati died in 1171 Saka, and a temple in Kidal was built for him.

to be continue…

Pararaton Chapter 2
Ken Angrok left Sagenggeng, escaped to a sacred place. Rabut Gorontol ‘May soaken in water, people who will destroy me’ Cursed Ken Angrok, may water comes and there nothing that there will be a year without difficulty in Java. ‘He left Rabut Grontol and escaped to Wayang, farm in Sukamanggala. There was someone who attract pitpit bird, he raped the person who called the bird, then he went to Rabut katu. He was amazed, seeing katu plants as big as banyan tree, from there he escaped to Jun Watu, the perfect people region, escaped to Lulumbang, stay with local, descendants of soldiers, Gagak Uget. He stayed there long enough, raped one who was passing the street. He ran to Kapundungan, stole in Pamalantenan, he was caught in the act, chased surrounded, did not know where to escape, he climbed tal tree, on bank of river, after afternoon, he was seen, that he climbed tal tree, waited by Kepundangan people down the tree, while canang was hit, tall tree was cut by people chasing him.

Now he cried, mentioning The Creator over him, finally he heard words from the sky, he was ordered to cut tal leaf, to be used as left and right wing, that he could fly eastward, impossible he would die, then he cut tal leaf into two, made them left and right wing, he soar eastward, escaped to Nagamasa, followed chased, escaped him to Oran region still chased and hunted, ran to Kapundungan, the lord of Kapundungan was farming, Ken Angrok was covered by admitted as the son of the lord.

The child of the lord of the region was farming, there were six, coincidentally someone was gone to dry dyke, only 5 left, the one who left was substituted by Ken Angrok, came people who chased him, while saying to the lord region ‘. O, lord region, there was a rioter we are chasing, escaped here’ The landlord said ‘

The children ‘ Gentlemen, we are really not lying to you, he is not here, we have six children, who are farming here are six, please count yourself, if it is more than six then sure there is someone here’. Said people who chased ‘ It is true, the children of the lord is six, and true that who are farming are six’ Immediately they left to chase. The land lord said to Ken Angrok ‘ You, Go, Son! I am afraid they who chase you will return, in case anyone talk about my words, will be no use having my protection, escape to forest. Then Ken Angrok said ‘Hope they who chase will stop”. Therefore, Ken Angrok hid in forest, Patangtangan forest.

He then escaped to Ano, went for Terwag forest, he did more riot. There was a lord of the naighborhood in Luki would plow the farm, preparing the farm to be planted with peanuts, brough rice for shepherd cow for the neighborhoos, put it in a bamboo tube, put on a stack, the leader of the neighborhood was enjoying his work, always plowing the peanut farm, therefore Ken Angrok quietly took and found the rice, everyday happened like that, the neighborhood leader was confused, as everyday lost rice for his shepherd, said the neighborhood leader ‘What caused the rice to disappear? ‘

Now the rice of the shepherd child of the neighborhood leader in the plowing place was watched, quietly, the shepherd child was asked to plow, not long after Ken Angrok came from forest, Ken Angrok was intended to take the rice, and reproved by the neighborhood leader ‘ It is obvious, that you, Son, who took the rice of my shepherd child everyday’. Ken Angrok answered  ‘Yes Mr. neighborhood leader, it was me took the rice of the shepherd child everyday as i was hungry and i did not eat anything’ The neighborhood leader said’ Well, Son, come to my dorm if you are hungry, ask for rice everyday, everyday i expect guests to come’. Then Ken Angrok was invited to the house of the neighborhood leader, and entertained with rice and other side dishes. The neighborhood leader said to his wife ‘ Nini Batari, i have message, if Ken Angrok come here, though i am not at home, accept him right away as family, have mercy on him’ And ken Angrok came everyday, and then went to Lulumbang, to Banjar Kocapet.

There was a neighborhood leader in Turyantapada, he was home from Kebalon, his name was Mpu Palot, he was a goldsmith, he learned from the oldest village leader in Kebalon as if he had body of knowledge to make perfect objects made of gold, as if he is free fro  flaw, Mpu Palot was home from Kebalon, brought a 5 tahil burden, stopped in Lulumbang, Mpu Palot was afraid to go home alone to Turyantapada, as informed that there is a man doing rape on the street, his name was Ken Angrok. Mpo Palot did not see anyone, he met Ken Angrok on a resting area. Ken Angrok spoke to Mpu Palot ‘ Alas, where are you going, Sir?’ Mpu answered ‘I am travelling from Kebalon, SOn, will go home to Turyantapada, i am afraid on the street, thinking of someone raping on the street, his name is Ken Angrok’

Ken Angrok smiles ‘ Well, Sir, i will walk you home, and i will fight if it happens that you meet Ken Angrok, just walk to Turyanntapada, do not worry ‘ Mpu Turyantapada felt he owed him for hearing Ken Angrok ability. After arriving in Turyantapada, Ken ANgrok was taught how to make golden objects, understand quickly, he was as good as Mpu Palot, later Ken Angrok was admitted as son by Mpu Palot, that was why the Turyantapada was called as Father region.

Ken Angrok took Mpu Palot as his father, but as the shortage of Mpu Palot knowledge, then Ken Angrok was ordered to go to Kebalon by Mpu Palot, to perfect ability to make golden objects to oldest men in Kebalon, in order to finish material left by the neighborhood leader. Ken Angrok went to Kealon, local people of Kebalon did not trust Ken Angrok. Ken Angrok was nagry ‘ I hope there will be hole in this place where people who are marginalized’ Ken Angrok stabbed, people escaped to the oldest man in Kebalon, called to gather hermits in Kebalon, all masters, punta, everybody was out, brought bronze sticks, together they chased Ken Angrok with the bronze sticks, the hermits intended to show how they wanted to kill Ken Angrok. Soon, there was a voice from the sky ‘Do not kill him, hermits, he is my son, he has many duty on the middle realm’. That was the voice form the sky, heard by hermits. Then Ken Angrok was helped, stood up as before.

Ken Angrok then cursed ‘ I hope there is no hermits on the east of Kawi who is not perfect in making golden objects’ Ken Angrok went to Kebalon and escaped to Turyantapada, in the neighborhood of Bapa (Father), his ability is  making gold is perfect. Ken Angrok left Bapa neighborhood for Tugaran village, the oldest leader of Tugaran did not care about Ken Angrok, Tugaran people were disturb by Ken Angrok, gate guard statues was carried and put in Bapa neighborhood, later found by the daughter of Tugaran oldest leader, she was planting peanuts on dry farm.

The girl then was accompanied in a meeting with Ken Angrok, overtime peanut plants yielded abundant peanuts, therefore peanuts from Tugaran has shiny, big and delicious seed. He left Tugaran to Bapa region again. Ken ANgrok said ‘ If in the future if i become someone, i will give silver to the leader of Bapa region.’ In Daha city the news over Ken Angrok, that he was riot, hid in Turyantapada, and Daha, There was an action to eliminate him, he was looked for by Daha people, left Bapa region to Pustaka mountain. He left from there and escaped to Limbehan, the oldest leader of Lembehan cared and asked for protection by Ken Angrok, finally Ken ANgrok went to sacred place, Rabut Gunung Panitikan.

To him, god sent clue, ordered to go to Rabut Gunung on Rebo Wage (Wednesday in Javanese calendar), first Wariga week, gods discussed. Thar was what bayan lady of Panitikan said. Ken Angrok ran to Gunung Lejar, on Rebo Wage, first Wariga week came, he went to the discussion place. He hid  in trash bin covered by bush by bayan lady of Panitikan.

Then there were seven sounds,thunder, lighting, quake, thunderbolt, storm,  hurricane, rain not in it season, there was always rays and lights, that he could he a continuous sound, buzzing rumble. The essence of gods discussion was ‘ Which strengthen Java island, which area is it.” So gods gave their opinin, involved in discussion.  ‘Who deserve to be king in Java’ That was the question of gods.God of Guru answered ‘Attention all gods, it is my son, a human who was born from Pangur people, who will strangthenJava island’. Now Ken Angrok went out from the trash bin, seen, by gods, ass gods agreed, he was blessed by Batara Guru, and gods were happy giving him praise.

Ken Angrok was given clue that he should admit to be the father of a Brahman, Sang Hyang Lohgawe, he was just from Jambudipa, he was ased to meet him in Taloka. This was the beginning there was brahman in east kawi. IN that time he headed to Java, not by boat, only by stepping on 3 pieces of kekatang grass, after landing from water, then headed to Taloka area, dang Hyang Lohgawe itinerated looking for Ken Angrok. Sais Dang Hyang Lohgawe ‘ There is a child, the arms were reached the knees, the left hand is written: Cakera and the right was Sangka, his name is Ken Angrok. He was seen when i was praying, he was the manifestation of Wisnu, the clue was that he was in Jambudwipa, it said ‘ Oh Dang Hyang Lohgawe, stop worshipping Wisnu, i am not here anymore, i have became Javanese, you shall follow me to the gambling place’

Not long after Ken Angrok was found in gambling place, he checked him carefully, and he was just like what seen when he prayed. Then asked Dang Hyang Lohgawe ‘ Sure you are Ken Angrok, i know you because you are seen when i prayed’. Ken ANgrok said ‘ True, Sir, i am Ken Angrok.’. He hugged the Bahman. Dang Hyang Lohgawe said ‘ You are taken as my son, Son, i will accompany you when you are sad and i will take care of you wherever you go’ Ken Angrok went to Taloka, headed for Tumapel, and the Brahman went with him.

After he arrived in Tumapel, came the perfect  time, he wanted to serve akuwu, the first man in Tumapel, Tunggul Ametung. He met him, when his crew came to him, said Tunggul Ametung ‘Hail my lord Brahmana, where are you from, this is the first time i see you’. Answer Dang Hyang Lohgawe : Lord Akuwu, i just came from the opposite area, i really want to serve you.’. Tunggul Ametung answered ‘ Well, i am very happy if Dang Hyang can live here’. That was what Tunggul Ametung said. Ken Angrok served Tunggul Amentung who was Akuwu in Tumapel.

Later there was a poet, a Buddhist, Mahayana, meditated in Panawijen farm, Mpu Purwa. He has one and only daughter, when he was not a priest yet. This daughter was very beautiful, Ken Dedes. It said that she is charming, there is no one as beautiful as her, famous to the east of Kawi to Tumapel. Tunggul Ametung heard that, and came to Panawijen, and then came to Panawijen, directly to village of Mpu Purwa, met Ken Dedes suddenly was taken by Tunggul Ametung.

After Mpu Purwa returned from his trip, he did not see his daughter, taken by Akuwu in Tumapel, he did not know the real matter, then Mpu Purwa cursed in bad words. ‘ I hope whoever took my daughter will not enjoy the joy, i hope he will ne stabbed by keris and his wife taken away, also this Panawijen people, i hope will dry the place where they take water, i hope the water will not be expelled, their sin was they did not tell me that my daughter was taken away by force’ That was said by Mpu Purwa. ‘ For for my daughter who caused passion and shining bright, i cursed he only: hoping she could be safe and big happiness’. That was the curse this Mahayana priest in Panawijen.

After arriving in Tiumapel, Ken Dedes was accompanied by Tunggul Ametung in one room, Tunggul Ametung loved her very much, when Ken Dedes showed of pregnancy symptoms, Tunggul Ametung went for fun, had fun with his wife in Boboji garden, Ken Dedes got off of the carriage coincidentally caused by destiny, her calf was seen,revealing the secret, and it was shiny by Ken Angrok, amazed seeing added with her perfect beauty, no woman as beautiful as her, Ken Angrok fell in love, did not know what to do.

The content of Pararaton, the Book of Kings
God, the Creator, the Protector, and Who-End-The-World, hoping there is no obstacle, i bow as perfect as possible.

Pararaton Chapter 1
This is the story of Ken Angrok. His origin was human. The son of a widow in Jiput, with bad attitude, cutting off moralty rein, disturbing fairy Hyang, he went from Jiput and fleed to Bulalak.

The sovereign of Bulalak was Mpu Tapawangkeng.Tapawangkeng said ‘ There is no way of thought, that finally this will make me fell to sin, if i killed a man, there is no one could finish the red goat request’. And then the person who cut off the moralty rein said, he was willing to be the sacrifice, in order to be a mean to return to heaven of wisnu and incarnate in a noble birth, to the middle world again, that was his request.

Then he was blessed by Mpu Tapawangkeng, to be incarnate, granted the essence of his death and would enjoy the seven regions. After his death, he was used as a sacrifice by Mpu Tapawangkeng. After that, he flied to Wisnu heaven, and he asked to be reincarnated on the east of Kawi. Brahma took a look at who would be the couple. After that, a newly wed couple, loved each other, the man was Gajahpura and the woman was Ken Endok, they were farmers.

Ken Endok went to sawah, and brought food to her husband, who was Gadjahpara, the name is sawah she sent food was Ayuga, Ken Endok’s village was Pangkur. Brahma went down there, met Ken Endok, their meeting was at Lalaten farm, Brahma ask the wife to promise ‘ Do not meet your man anymore, if you do, he will die, and moreover will mix with my son, my son name is Ken ANgrok, he will rupe over Java’. Brahma then disappeared.

Ken Endok then went to sawah, met Gajahpara. Ken Endok said ‘ Brother Gajahpara, please understand, i was accompanied in a meeting with an invisible Hyang in Lalateng farm, he instrstructed me : do not sleep with your man anumore, will die your man, if he forced you to sleep with him, then will mix my son is. Then Gajahpara went home, arriving at home, Gajahpara asked Ken Endok to sleep, and would be accompanied in a meeting again. Ken Endok was reluctant to Gajahpara. ‘Alas, Gajahpara, my marriage with you is broken off, i am afraid of Sang Hyang. He does not allow me to be with you anymore.”. Gajahpara said ‘ Sister, how is it. what am i to do, i do mind if i have to dovorce with you, sister, my  property should be returned to me again” After that Ken Endok returned to Pangkur on the north, Gajahpara kept living in Campara on the south.

Before a week over, Gajahpara died, People said  ‘ The child in the womb in amazingly hot, not long after the divorce of parents followed by the death of the father’. Finally after the months complete, a boy was born, discarded on children cemetery by Ken Endok.

Later, there was a thief, his name was Lembong, lost in the children cemetery, seeing a flare of an object, Lembong came for it, and heard child cry, after approached by Lembong, the flare was really from that crying baby, Lembong took and brought the boy home.

Ken Endok heard that Lembong adapted a child,  Lembong’s friend told this news, about a child found in children cemetery, who was flaring at night. Ken Endok came to him and, it was her own child. Ken Endok said: ‘Brother Lembong, if you dont know who the child is, he is my child, Brother, if you want to know his origin, so : Brahma met me, do not you treat him not in noble manner, as can be likened, the child has two mothers and one father, it is like that’. lembong and his family loved more and happier, slowly the child was growing, Lembong took him to steal. After he was as old as shepherd, Ken Angrok lived in Pangkur. Finished all Ken Endok’s and Lembong belonging, finished gambled by Ken Angrok. Later he became a shepherd to the ruler in Lebak, herd a pair of cows, as time went by the cows disappeaed, the cows were rated 8 thousands by the ruler in Lebak, Ken Angrok was scolded by his parents ‘ O boy, we both would be the slaves, as long as you do not go anywhere, let us serve out, become slave of ruler of Lebak.’  Ken Angrok ignored them, He left both parents in Campara and Pangkur. Then Ken ANgrok went for sanctuary in Kapundungan, but the person he went for and asked for sanctuary  did not have sympathy.

There was a gambler of Saji from Karuman, Bango Samparan, lost in gambling with a bookies from Karuman, collected but could not pay the money, Bango Samparan left Karuman, and went to a sacred place Rabut Jalu, and heard a sound of the sky, ordered to return to Karuman again. ‘We have a child who will finish your debt, his name is Ken Angrok’. Bango Samparan left Rabut Jalu, walked in the night, and finally met a child, he matched with clues from Hyang, and it was Ken Angrok, he took him to Karuman, acknowledged as his child by Bango Samparan.

He went to gambling place, the bookies was met by Bango Samparan and challenged to gamble, the bookies lost, returned the loss of Bango Sampoaran, it was true the clue from Hyang, Bango Samparan went home, and Ken Angrok was taken home by Bango Samparan. Bango Samparan had two wife and they were sisters, his first wife wa Genuk Buntu, and young wife was Tirtaya. The children from young wife were Panji Bawuk, the middle was panji Kuncang, and the brother was Panji Kunal and panji Kenengkung, the youngest was a girl, Cucu Puranti. Ken Angrok was adopted by Genuk Buntu. He lived in Karuman for long time, but he could not accord with the Panjis, Ken Angrok wanted to leave Karuman. Then he went to Kapundungan and met a shepherd, son of Tuwan Sahaja, the oldest lord in Sangenggeng, Tuwan Tita, he is very close to Ken Angrok. Tuwan Tita and Ken ANgrok loved eachother, and later Ken Angrok lived with Tuwan Tita. Always together, Ken ANgrok and Tuwan Tita never part, they intended to know shape of alphabets, they went to a teacher in Sagenggeng, wanted to be a student so much, asking to be taught literature.

They were taught about shapes and knowledge about vowels and consonants alphabets, all changing of alphabets, also taught about sengkalan, detail about days, months, Saka year, days of six, days of seven, days of three, days of two, days of nine, and name of weeks.

Both Ken Angrok and Tuwan Tita were clever learning taught by the teacher. There were plants of the teacher, decorating the garden, it was a guava tree, which he planted himself. The fruits were many, it was dense as it was the season, it was treated well no one allowed to pick, no one had courage to pick the guava. The teacher said ‘ If the guava is rape, you can pick’. Ken Angrok wanted it, seeing the fruit, he dreamed the fruit. After night came when people slept tight, Ken Angro slept, bats were out of Ken Angrok cantle, flocked without ending, the whole night ate the guava of the teacher. In the morning the fruit were destroyed in the garden, became sad. The Teacher said to students ” Why were  the fruits destroyed?’ The assistant said ‘ Sir it was destroyed, because of bats’

Ken Angrok slept again on a south gazebo, nearby place of dry reed, in this place usually teacher weave roof. According to a vision, the teacher saw uncountable bats flocked , out of Ken Arok’s cantle, all bats ate the teacher’s guava, the teacher was confuse, as he was hopelessly got rid of the bats and ate his guava, he was angry. Ken Angrok was expelled by teacher, around midnight the teacher outcast him. Ken Angrok was aghast, staggeringly woke up and went out, and slept on the reed place  outside.

When the teacher saw him outsidem he saw there was a flare in the middle of bush, teacher was aghast thought it was a fire, after checked the flare was Ken Angrok, he was asked to wake up and return home, invited to sleep ih his house again, Ken Arok obeyed and went sleeping in the living room again. In the morning, he was allowed to pick the guava by the teacher, Ken Angrok was happy, said ‘I hope i will be someone, i will repay you’.

Overtime, Ken Angrok became mature, Shepherd with Tuwan Tita, built a small house, located on the east of Sagenggeng, in Sanja farm, to intercept  those who traffic on the street, with Tuwan Tita, his friend. There was a palm trappers in forest, from Kapundungan, had a beautiful daughter, went to go to forest, held by Ken ANgrok, accompanied in a meeting in forest, the forest name was Adiyuga. The longer Ken Angrok made violent, then he raped people passing the street, this was announced until Daha, that Ken Angrok did violent, then he was ordered to be eliminated by the local authority, who was akuwu, his name was Tunggul Ametung.

Pararaton or Serat Pararaton (Kawi language means ‘Books of Kings’) is an text book of medieval Javanese literature written in Javanese Kawi language. This  text is brief, only 32 pagest as big as folio consists of 1126 lines. The content is about kings of Singhasari and Majapahit in East Java. This book is known as Pustaka Raja. There is no record of the writer. In the end of it only written the village name and time when the writer finished the text in 1535 Saka or 3 August 1613. But considering the date, this book was written in the period of Sultan Agung in Java.

Pararaton begins with incarnation of Ken Arok, the founder of Singhasari Kingdom (1222-1292). And almost half of the book was about Ken Arok’s life until he became king in 1222, and this description is tend to be like mythology. The story then continued with short narrative parts in chronological order. Each event is given with calendar. Approaching the end, the history explanation is getting shorter mived with information about Majapahit royal family. Ken Arok emphasizing is not only by the long story about him nut also alternative title offered inside the text “Serat Pararaton atawa Katuturanira Ken Angrok”. As the oldest date in this text is 1552 Saka or 1600, estimated that the last text was written in 1481 Saka and 1600, and probably it is the first year than the second year. Pararaton begins with short prologue about Ken Arok prepared his incarnation to be a king. Ken Arok scarified himslef (yadnya) for Yamadipati, god of hell’s gate, so he could be safe from death. As a return, Ken Arok was rewarded to be born as the king of Singahasari and when he died he would enter the heaven of Wisnu.

And, as planned, Ken Arok was born from a village woman who was just married. His mother put him on a grave and the light from the baby took attention of Ki Lembong, a thieve. He took baby Ken Arok and raised him and taught him all his expertise as thieve. Ken Arok was then involved in gambling, robbery and rape. And in those cases, Ken Arok was saved by god. In incident in Gunung Kryar Lejar for example, gods went down and Batara Guru said that Ken Arok was his son, and that Ken Arok would bring stability and power to Java.

Pararaton prologue then  proceeded with story about Ken Arok encounter with Lohgawe, a Brahman from India who was ordered by Batara Guru to ascertain Batara Guru order was executed. Lohgawe was later suggested Ken Arok to see Tunggul Ametung, the ruler of Tumapel. After period of time, Ken Arok killed Tunggul Ametung to marry his wife, Ken Dedes and get Singasari throne.

Text Analysis
Some parts of Pararton could not be considered as history. Especially on the beginning, as facts and fictions are mixed together. Experts, such as CC Berg stated that the texts was supranatural and ahistoric, and made not to record past events but to determine future events. Though most experts could accept the historic side of Pararaton in certain point by examining similarities with inscriptions and China informations, that a valid interpretation could be found there.

It should be noted that the text was written in Javanese society comprehension. For Javanese, a king function are: to connect past to future, determine human life according to cosmic rules. King symbolizes Javanese scope of power, manifestation of holiness of the kingdom and his palace is believed to be the microcosms of macrocosm. a king and the founder of a dynasty are believed to have divinity degree, and his position is higher than common people.

JJ Ras compares Pararaton respectively with Canggal inscription (732), Sivagrha Inscription (856), Calcutta Stone (1041) and Babad Ranah Jawi (1836). The comparison shows obvious character , structural and function of text similarity to Melayu historiography texts.

Since 19th century, after the discovery of Pararaton text describing about Majapahit kings, experts start arranging the history of the biggest Hindu kingdom in Java scientifically, as Pararaton fits to Majapahit inscriptions. Unfortunately, Pararaton description about Majapahit kings is too short, not complete,a nd sometime confusing, that the scientists should read and translate it carefully. Therefore, until  the early 21st century Majapahit history is not completed yet.

Pararaton interpretation should be based on comprehension toward cosmogony concept of Siva-Buddha that considers a kingdom is a manifestation of Mt Mahameru, the dwelling of Bhatara Indra. Therefore, Majapahit palace family named them as Girindrawangsa, and centuries before, Sriwijaya also claimed themselves as Sailendrawangsa, which have similar meaning ‘The Family of Mt Indra’. The central of Majapahit kingdom (currently :Trowulan, Mojokerto), was surrounded by mandala (smaller regions) constituted of 8 directions (Lokapala) : Kahuripan, Tumapel, Paguhan, Wengker, Daha, Lasem, pajang and Kabalan.

As stated by DR Boechari, ‘While the kingdom is compared with Mount Meru and Indra’s heaven, the king is thought to be Indra on earth, and that the eight Lokapala are incorporated in his nature’ (MIISI, V/1, 1973). Two main mandala are Kahuripan (Janggala. Jiwana) and Daha (Kadiri, Panjalu) is the ax supporting system stability and this was used since Airlangga in the 11th century. Therefore the combination of wilwatika-janggala-kadiri (Majapahit, Kahuripan, Daha) found in inscriptions.

to be continue…

Champa Kingdom (Vietnamese: Chiêm Thành) was a kingdom which ever ruled central Vietnam and South Vietnam, around 7th century to 1832. Before Champa, there was a kingdom Lin-yi (Lam Ap) which was established in 192, yet the relations between Lin-yi and Champa was not known yet. Champa community currently live in Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia and Hainan Island in Tiongkok. Champa language is part of Austronesia language.

Before Champa established, there was a kingdom, Lin-yi kingdom. Lin-yi is assumed to be established by local officer Ku-lien who rebelled against Han caesar in 192, located in Hue city now. Campa area constitutes of mountain area on the western part of Indochina, and then expanded until Laos. Yet Champa more focused on marine and it had several cities along the coasts.
After the 7th century, Champa consists of Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh, Pyu Yen, Khanh Hoa, Ninh Thuan and Binh Thuan in Vietnam. Culture and religion of Champa is closely related to China, but wars and conquering neighboring region, Funan Kingdom, in the 4th century had let Indian culture to evolve. After 10th century, sea trading from Arab to this land had finnaly brought culture and Islam religion to Champa community.

Before Champa conquered by Le Thanh Tong, the dominant religion in Champa was Sivaistic religion and Champa was highly influenced by India. Islam entered Champa after 10th century, yet after 1471 Islam influence was stronger.

In the 17th century, royal family of Champa converted Islam, and this triggered religion orientation on Champa people. Though currently most of are moslem , but as Javanese Indonesian, they are greatly influenced by Hindu.

Indonesia;s data history show the influence of Princess Darawati, a Champa princess who was moslem, married to Kertawijaya, king of Majapahit, that finally Majapahit family became moslem. Princess Champa was found in Trowulan site. Champa is an inportant route in Spice Road from Persian Bay to southern of China, and late was included in trade route of Arab to Indochina.

In trading and culture, Champa had strong relation to  Sriwijaya and later with Majapahit. In Babad Tanah Jawi, king Brawijaya V had a wife names Anarawati or Dwarawati, a princess from Champa who was moslem. Few walisongo (nine saints) were also mentioned to once lived in Champa before spreading Islam on Java.

Champa had strong relation to Cambodia, though there were wars between the, but cultural and trading  , and marriage between those two community happened.

Before 1471, Champa was a confederation of 4 to 5 principalities, resembled to those in old India. Indrapura city is currently dong Duong not far from Da Nang and Hue now. Da Nang was Singapura located nearby My Son valley where there were ruins of temples and tower. Principalities constituted of  Quảng Bình, Quảng Trị, and Thừa Thiên–Huế currently in Vietnam. Amaravati constituted of Quang Nam province, currently Vietnam. Vijaya is currently called as Cha Ban, located few miles from Qui Nhon, in Binh Dinh province in Vietnam. For period of time, Vijaya principality took over Quang-Nam, Quang-Ngai, Binh Dinh, and Phu Yen province. Kauthata is currently called as Nha Trang, located in Khanh Hoa province located in Vietnam.
Kauthara – Kota Kauthara saat ini disebut Nha Trang, yang terdapat di propinsi Khánh Hòa sekarang ini di Vietnam. panduranga is now known as Phan Rang, located in Ninh Thuan province located in Vietnam, Panduranga was the last Champa region conquered by Vietnamese.

In search of human to help them, kahyangan was hit by a freat quake as someone on earth meditated. After they found Arjuna who meditated, the expect Arjuna could help them. Indra decided to test Arjuna’s meditation endurance, if he was really the one who could help kahyangan. Indra sent 2 beatiful goddesses Tilotama and Suprabha to test him. Arjuna showed his endurance from the temptation sent by gods, no matter what both goddesses did. In other version said that even Suprabha fell in love with him. Both goddesses returned to kahyangan and reported to Indra for their failure and for Indra this was a good news. Knowing this Siva decided to go to earth as hunter.

In other place, king of giant heard about what happened in Indrakila mountain. Later giants sent Muka to disturb Arjuna and cancel his meditation. Muka change his form into a pig and destroy Arjuna’s meditation site. Arjuna then went out his meditation site and kill the pig with his archery. Arjuna checked the pig and found there were two darts on the pig while he only shot one dart, and the other one was shot by Siva as hunter. They quarrel and decided to compete in archery contest. Siva’s darts could be broken by Arjuna and finally the fought. And Arjuna could slam the hunter and the hunter disappeared. And there was Siva (as ardhanariswara or half man, half woman on padma flower)  in front of him. Siva gave him a powerful archery that can not be broken by any other weapons, pasopati. Siva was then gone. When Arjuna was ready to show his success to gain powerful weapon to his brothers, came two goddesses sent by Indra. They told Arjuna that Indra needed him to help kahyangan to kill Niwatakawaca. Arjuna agreed. Arjuna went to kahyangan, and goddesses fell in love with him, Suprabha did too. Indra said that he should find the source of the giant power first to defeat him. The plan was Suprabha would be given to the giant, and Arjuna should be with her quietly. Suprabha main duty was to persuade the giant king to mention his power secret.

Suprabha brought to Niwatakawaca, and Suprabha refused him and asked him to be patient until the dawn. She went to the garden and gave the king compliment and his invincible power. Finally the king told his power source to Suprabha as he was mesmerized by her beauty. Arjuna showed himself from his hiding place and made chaos in the king’s palace. He tried to find out who did that and this incident was used by Suprabha to escape with Arjuna. The king was angry and realized that he was tricked. He ordered his troop to assault kahyangan. Arjuna and Suprabha arrived in Kahyangan. And they prepared to welcome Niwatakawaca’s troop, and Arjuna and Indra are who were assigned to kill him with their weapon.

Gods, apsara and gandarwa went to HImalaya to fight against Niwatakawaca;s troop. And Niwatakawaca could atack the troop of kahyangan which back down. Arjuna pretended that he was at the backside and ran with kahyangan troop. Enemy kept followed him and and cursed angrily, Arjuna drew his archery and shot Niwatakawaca’s tounge.  He died and his troop ran away.

For all the efforts and the success of Arjuna, he received a reward fron Indra. For 7 days and 7 nights in kahyangan (as 7 months in the world realm) he spent his time with Suprabha. But he also missed his brothers and finally he returned to the earth to meet his brothers and told them he was rewarded with a pasupati when he meditated in Indrakila.

Kahuripan in the Period of Majapahit
Kahuripan name appeared again in the history of Majapahit which was established since 1293. Raden Wijaya was the founder of Majapahit, and he no had intense concern on 2 kingdoms of Airlangga. Both kingdom was Kadiri or Daha, and Janggala or Kahuripan or Jiwana. Both kingdoms were the main subordinate kingdom of Majapahit, Daha on the west and Kahuripan on the East, while Majapahit as the center.

Pararaton recorded several names ever led as Batara i Kahuripan or Bhre Kahuripan. The first was Tribhuwana Tunggadewi , daughter of raden Wijaya. After 1319, her period was assisted by Gajahmada, as the patih of Kahuripan for his service to silence Ra Kuti rebellion.

When Hayam Wuruk’s position was a Yuwaraja and Kahuripan King, his title was Jiwanarajnapratisha. After he became king of Majapahit, Bhre Kahuripan then was given to his mother, Tribhuwana Tunggadewi. After Tribhuwana Tunggadewi died, Bhre Kahuripan was her grandchild, Surawardhani. And she was replaced by her son, Ratnapangkaja. Later he was replaced by his wife’s niece Suhita as Rajasawardhana. And when Rajasawardhana became king of Majapahit, Bhre Kahuripan was inherited to his older son, Samarawijaya.

Arts and Literature of Kahuripan
Under Airlangga leadership, arts and literature evolved. In 105, Mpu Kanwa wrote Arjunawiwaha, adapted from Mahabarata epic. Arjunawiwaha tells about Arjuna, the reincarnation of Wisnu, and as metaphor of Airlangga as depicted on Candi Belahan on slope of Mt Penanggungan.

The tale is about Arjuna, the beloved companion of gods in kahyangan or nirvana as he could cave kahyangan and its inhabitants from disaster. This story is depicted on Tegowangi temple located in pare, Kediri, East Java. According to history, Arjunawiwaha is allegedly the oldest kakawin in East Java period after political map moved to Central Java. The predecessor of Airlangga such as Dharmawangsa did not leave any literature. Kakawin arjunawiwaha has close link to the past history:
Prolog:
· Ambek sang paramarthapandita huwus limpad sakeng sunyata tan sangkeng wisaya prayojana nira lwir sanggraheng lokita siddha ning yasawirya don ira sukha ning rat kiningkin nira santosaheletan kelir sira sakeng sang hyang jagatkarana.
· Usnisangkwi lebu ni paduka nira sang mangkana lwir nira menggeh manggala ning miket kawijayan sang Parta ring kahyangan
Terjemahannya
. A wise heart has earnestly reaches to highest level of perfection. From sunyata (empty) state, not from the senses, yielding willpower to open oneself to worldly affairs.
· May his devotion full of good deed and his noble behavior, gain his goal. Hail toward himself and peacefully he accepted this, by keep separated by a screen from this eternal world.

Epilogue:
Sampun keketan ing katharjunawiwaha pangarana nikeSaksat tambay ira mpu Kanwa tumatametu-metu kakawinBhrantapan teher angharep samarakarya mangiring ing hajiSri Airlangghya namo ‘stu sang panikelan tanah anganumata
Translation:
I put my head top to the dust of king’s slipper who shows eminence. He is the source of blessing that never dries to pour Partha’s (ARjuna) victory, in the dwelling of gods in kahyangan.

The above content convenient with the fact that Airlangga who later could uphold Kahuripan kingdom after the death of Dharmawangsa from Wengker’s attack, which did not have the right for the sovereignty. Airlangga fought by living in forests to regain Kahuripan.

In the kakawin written that in 1028-1035, Airlangga could defeat his enemies who destroyed Kahuripan to fall apart. So we can conclude that this kakawin was written after that period. It was written that Airlangga live for years in forests and hermitage and accompanied by a Rsi or priest, that it was also a spiritual training that finally he could reach sunyata the highest perfection level as written on the prolog of the kakawin. Airlangga story fits to Arjuna in the kakawin. In the end of the kakawin, Mpu Kanwa was busy with war preparation expedition. That expedition was probably his effort to conquer his enemies or the end of war.

In Mahabarata, Arjuna meditated on Indrakila mountain to get powerful weapon to fight against Kurawa in Bharatayuda war, and in kakawin Arjunawiwaha, this similar to Airlangga struggle to regain Kahuripan kingdom from his enemies. As a poet who was involved in that ‘war’, he wrote the kakawin. His purpose was to enliven spirit and gain his noble purpose.

After Kurawa lost in a gambling (Kurawa cheated), Pandawa Knights (Yudhistira, Bima, Arjuna, Nakula and Sadewa) lost their right for Amerta Kingdom and should live in exile for 12 years and 1 year living in undercover as Pandawa. After that they can have their right for their kingdom.

In the preparation to regain Amerta, Arjuna ordered Yudhistira to ask for powerful weapons from Siva that Arjuna meditated in Indrakila, a hill in Himalaya.

In other place, there was a powerful giant, Niwatakawaca, heard about a very beautiful goddess, Suprabha. He went to kahyangan and asked Indra to make Suprabha as his wife. Gods and Indra did not agree as it is not supposed to be. But they realize that Niwatakawaca had a powerful power and even gods could not defeat him. They reported this to Siva and Siva explained that it was a destiny and a history that should happen. Niwatakawaca could not be defeated by any god and only a human could defeat him. They tried to spin out time by telling that Suprabha would be given to him after they prepared her well that she would not dissappoint him. And to heal his disappointment, he was given several apsara (half goddess creature). Niwatakawaca returned to his kingdom to wait for Suprabha, meanwhile gods tried to search for human to help them.

to be continued…

In Pamwatan inscription, 20 November 1042, Airlangga’s title was still Maharaja, while in Gandhakuti, 24 November 1042, he was Rsi Aji Paduka Mpungku. The splitting period is concluded done between those dates.

After splitting the kingdom, Airlangga then became an ascetic, and died in 1049. Airlangga, in his lifetime is believed to be the incarnation of Wisnu, with kingdom badge Garudamukha. A beautiful statue stored in Mojokerto museum as manifestation of Airlangga as Wisnu riding Garuda. Sumengka inscription (1059) was the inscription of Jenggala kingdom only mentions that Rsi Aji Paduka Mpungku was buried in tirta or bathing place.

The bathing place is compatible to the information of Sumengka inscription is Candi Belahan on slope of Mt penanggungan. Wisnu statue with two goddesses were found there. According to Pucangan inscription (1041) Airlangga was a pious Hindu-Wisnu.  The three statues were estimated as the symbol of Airlangga with his two wives, Samarawijaya and Mapanji Garasakan.

In Candi Belahan was found letter of 1049. But there was no further indication of Airlangga’s death date or the date when the temple / bathing was built. Airlangga story was depicted on This temple. In the later period, Kahuripan has an important role in Jenggala kingdom and Majapahit kingdom period.

In the end of his period, Airlangga faced a problem of rivalry between his sons. The real royal was Sanggramawijaya Tunggadewi, who chose to be an ascetic. On the end of 1042, Airlangga decided to split his kingdom into 2, the east kingdom was Jenggala kingdom with Kahuripan as its capital, given to Mahapanji Gasarakan and the west kingdom was Kadiri with Daha as the capital. Airlangga then became an ascetic and died in 1049 .

to be continued